Intro to Psychology Exam 3 Flashcards

A collection of flashcards to assist students in studying key vocabulary and concepts for their Intro Psych Exam 3.

Analogy

A comparison between two different things to highlight some form of similarity.

Symbol

A mark or character used to represent something, particularly in language.

Prototype

A mental model of the typical or most representative example of a category.

Exemplar

Specific examples or instances that fit within a category.

Base rate neglect

The tendency to ignore the general prevalence of an event in favor of specific information.

Conjunction fallacy

A logical error where people assume that specific conditions are more probable than a single general one.

Framing

The way information is presented can influence how it is perceived and interpreted.

Loss aversion

The principle that losses have a greater emotional impact on individuals than an equivalent amount of gains.

Language

A system of communication that involves the use of symbols, sounds, and gestures.

Language acquisition

The process by which children learn to understand and communicate through language.

Teratogen

Any factor that can cause malformation of an embryo or fetus.

Infant reflexes

Innate responses that infants exhibit, such as grasping and sucking.

Physical development

The biological growth and changes that occur in a child's body and brain.

Attachment

The emotional bond between a child and caregiver, assessed through various behaviors.

Harlow’s monkey studies

Experiments that demonstrated the importance of comfort and bonding over mere feeding in attachment.

Piaget’s studies

Research focused on cognitive development in children, identifying stages they progress through.

Habituation

A decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations.

Violation of expectancy

A method to assess cognitive development through infants' responses to unexpected events.

Theory of mind

The understanding that others have thoughts, beliefs, and perspectives different from one's own.

Kohlberg’s moral development stages

A framework for understanding the progression of moral reasoning across three levels.

Marshmallow test

An experiment that tests self-control in children by offering a choice between immediate and delayed gratification.

Group membership

The social identity that a person derives from their belonging to various groups.

Ingroup

A social group with which an individual identifies.

Outgroup

A social group with which an individual does not identify.

Social loafing

The phenomenon where individuals exert less effort when working in a group compared to working independently.

Groupthink

A mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a group results in dysfunctional decision-making.

Deindividuation

A psychological state characterized by diminished self-awareness and diminished concern for social evaluation.

Stanford prison study

An experiment that examined the psychological effects of perceived power by placing participants in a simulated prison.

Conformity

The act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms.

Bystander intervention

The likelihood of individuals to help a person in distress when others are present.

Milgram study of obedience

An experiment that demonstrated the willingness of participants to obey authority figures even when causing harm.

Mere exposure effect

The phenomenon where people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar.

Cognitive dissonance

A mental discomfort experienced by a person who holds contradictory beliefs or values.

Fundamental attribution error

The tendency to overemphasize personal characteristics and ignore situational factors in judging others' behavior.

Stereotypes

Oversimplified ideas about groups of people that are hard to change due to their ingrained nature.