World History Final Semester 1

Direct Democracy

Every citizen has a say in the government. Athens, Greece.

Legislature

A lawmaking body.

Parliament in England, Duma in Russia, Diet in Japan.

Indirect Democracy/ Republic

People elect representatives to represent their party values.

Roman law

Institution of laws that made unity and stability

Due Process

Everyone has the right to go to court.

Magna Carta

First time a monarch gave up absolute power, in England. Nobody is above the law.

English Common Law

Legal system is based on custom and court rulings.

English Bill of Rights

Ensured parliament over monarchy, abolished excessive fines and unjust punishment. The House of Commons held power.

Philip II

Used money for the Spanish Armada and used it to reestablish Catholicism.

Absolute monarchs

A leader who has absolute rule and power.

Divine right

Idea that monarchs receive the right to rule from heaven.

Louis XIV

Most powerful ruler in French history, required nobles at Versailles because he wanted control over them.

Czar/ Tsar

A Russian Monarch

Benefits of monarchy vs benefits of democracy

The benefits of a monarchy is that decisions can get done quicker without needing to vote. The benefits of a democracy is that everyone gets a say in the government.

Natural law

Everyone has life liberty and property.

Thomas Hobbes

Supports absolute monarchs, believes all people are naturally brutish and need a king.

John Locke

2 treatises of the government, Believed people are naturally good, supported a limited monarchy, believed in the social contract, natural rights, and revolution.

Social Contract

Government is established to protect people's natural rights. If the government doesn't protect natural rights, people have the right to overthrow it.

Natural rights

Rights that people are born with "life, liberty, and property".

Baron de Montesquieu

Separation of powers in government. Executive, legislature, and judicial power separated into 3 branches.

Voltaire

Believed in free speech and freedom of religion. Wrote newspapers.

Jean Jacques Rousseau

People are naturally good, society makes them bad. Supported a democracy, believed that the general will stress the community over the individual.

Mary Wollstonecraft

British social critic, believe that women were being excluded from social contract, felt that women could decide on their own, called for equal education.

Adam Smith

Believed the government should stay out of economics, made Laissez Faire.

Laissez faire

"Hands off", allowed businesses to operate without government interference.

Censorship of Enlightenment ideas

Government, monarchs, and church. would burn books, throw people in jail for what they believed in.

Enlightened despots

Monarchs who accepted new ideas, used their power to bring social change.

Frederick the Great

King of Prussia, Praised Voltaire, reduced torture and allowed free press, reorganized gov., tolerated religions, believed in enlightenment .

Catherine the Great

Empress of Russia, praised voltaire, believe in enlightenment ideas of equality and liberty, abolished torture and established religious tolerance.

Ancien régime/ Three Estates

The Ancien regime is the old way of government. Describes the monarchy, old order.

The First estate is clergy of catholic church, the second estate are nobles, and the third estate is everybody else, largest estate.

Causes of French Rev

Increase in taxes, gov, borrowing too much money, costs rising.

Bourgeoisie

Middle class people in third estate.

Louis XVI

King that is deposed during revolution.

Estates-General

When the King of France calls a meeting of the different estates.

Tennis Court Oath

The third estate made a different room, taking an oath that they won't leave until they make a constitutional monarchy.

Bastille

People of Paris believed Bastille held weapons and ammunition. Attacked Bastille due to fear of the king sending soldiers.

The Great Fear

Rumors running about attacks on towns and villages, the government seeing crops. Peasants set fire to amors ,stole grain, and went against nobles.

Declaration of Rights of Man & Citizen

Men announced "born to remain free and equal in rights." Natural rights to liberty property security, and resistance to oppression. Male citizens equal before the law, freedom and religion and speech and called for taxes to be levied.

Olympe de Gouges

Journalist that demanded equal rights. Believed women's rights are the same as men, imprisoned and executed.

Women's march on Versailles

Thousands of women marched from Paris to Versailles, stormed the palace and wanted to kill Mary Antoinette. King and his family leave Versailles and go back to Paris with all of the people the next day.

Marie Antoinette

Wife of King Louis XVI, lifestyle was great, and crowds were angry at her.

Sans-culottes

Working class men and women, pushed revolution into radical action, wore long trousers and demanded a republic.

Maximilien Robespierre

Strong advocate for the revolution, ;leader of committee of public safety, find people who were against the revolution.

Reign of Terror

When people were found guilty against the revolution, they were killed.

Guillotine

Fast falling blade that was used to execute people, more human than an ax.

Napoleon

Adopts some ideas from before the revolution, military leaders.

Nationalism

Strong feelings of pride and devotion to one's country spread through France.

Napoleonic Code

Code of laws, embodied enlightenment, equality of citizens, religious toleration, abolished feudalism. Undid some reforms, authority over individual rights.

Invasion of Russia

Napoleon storms Russia during winter, many soldiers died, 600,000-20,000 left.

Congress of Vienna

Agreement to maintain order and peace out of the French Revolution.

Russian Colossus

Russia was a giant, and made people anxious.

Alexander II

Reformer, frees serfs the peasant class stuck on farms.

Emancipation of Serfs

Freeing the serf, peasants remained poor as a result.

Alexander III

Took all of the power and authority back to himself.

Pogroms

Violent mob attacks on Jewish people, beat and kill Jewish people.

Bloody Sunday

Workers on strike wanted shorter hours and better wages. Liberals wanted sensations and reforms. Orthodox protest organized peaceful march, led to many people dead.

October Manifesto

Promised freedom of person , conscience, speech, assembly, and union.

Proletariat

Industrial working class people

Rasputin

A Russian monk who was invited to the Russian gov. With "healing powers".

Soviet

Council of workers and soldiers.

Causes of Russian Rev

Caused by defeats at the front, shortages at home, and poor decisions by the government.

Bolsheviks

Socialists that were called the majority.

Vladimir Lenin

Communist leader of the Bolsheviks.

Karl Marx (lecture)

Started marxism/communism.

Leon Trotsky

Leader of communists, smart, had many ideas for the people.

Joseph Stalin

Unfair leader, Shrewd political, behind the scenes organizer, building socialism, stripped Trotsky of party membership, ruthless for power.

Five Year Plans

Plans to improve the industrial capacity of Russia.

Command Economy

Government makes all basic economic decisions.

Collectives

Large farms owned and operated by peasants as a group.

Terror Famine

Government seized all peasants ' grain, starving them.

Gulags

System of brutal labor camps where many died. Grumblers or critics sent.

Purges

Stalin and secret police cracked down on old Bolsheviks or party activists from early revolution. Targeted army hero's, industrial managers, writers, citizens of crimes.

Propaganda

Stalin tried to boost morale and faith. Spread the evils of capitalism and the successes of communism.

Russification

Making a nationality's culture more Russian, ways Stalin controlled soviet life.

Agricultural revolution

Agricultural methods for farming had improved. Farm equipment made farming more efficient.

Population growth

When more food was available, the population grew.

Impact of steam engine

Opened door r to operation machinery and eventually powered locomotives and steamships.

Role of coal & iron

Coal is more efficient than wood since it burns faster. Iron used to make steel.

Capital

Money for investment.

Entrepreneurs

Those who managed and assumed the financial risks of starting new businesses.

Textile inventions

Flying shuttle sped up weaving, spinning jenny and water frame increased thread speed.

Early factory workers

Women and kids were early factory workers.

Urbanization

People moving to the cities.

Living conditions

People lived in poor conditions.

Tenements

Tiny rooms, multistory buildings divided into apartments.

Labor unions

Workers organizing to get better pay and hours.

Child labor

Children could go into smaller parts of machinery.

Alfred Nobel

A Swedish chemist invented dynamite, an explosive much safer than others used in construction.

Thomas Edison

Made lamps that illuminated cities, allowed factories to operate after dark.

Interchangeable parts

One part that could be used with different parts.

Assembly line

Parts moved across a belt and workers put an item together.

Stock

Shares in their companies to investors.

Monopolies

Huge corporate structures controlled entirely by industries or areas of the economy.

Socialism (lecture)

Shared ownership and some private ownership.

Communism (lecture)

Ran by government, no private ownership, willing to use force for goals, shared ownership.

Motives for imperialism

Needed materials for industrial inventions.

Economic imperialism, political imperialism occupy a territory to benefit with other cultures., military imperialism, Religious/humanitarian imperialism, people that aren't taught the faith should be practicing it.

Social Darwinism

Incorrect application of Charles Darwin's analysis on nature. Wrongfully applied natural selection on people. Justified imperialism with people who are lesser than their culture.