AP Gov Chapter 3

Exclusive powers

Powers only the national government may exercise

Devolution

Returning more authority to state or local governments

Extradition

Requirement that officials in one state return a defendant to another state where a crime was committed

Full faith and credit clause

Constitutional clause requiring states to recognize the public acts, records, and civil court proceedings from another state

14th Amendment

Constitutional amendment that provides that persons born in the United States are citizens and prohibits states from denying persons due process or equal protection under the law

Federalism

Sharing of power between the national government and the state governments

Dual federalism

Form of American federalism in which the states and the nation operate independently in their own areas of public policy

Revenue sharing

When the federal government apportions tax money to the states with no strings attached

Concurrent powers

Powers granted to both states and the federal government in the Constitution

Implied powers

Authority of the federal government that goes beyond its expressed powers

10th Amendment

Reserves powers not given to the national government to the states and the people

Unfunded mandates

Federal requirements that states must follow without being provided with funding

Selective incorporation

Process through which the Supreme Court applies fundamental rights in the Bill of Rights to the states on a case-by-case basis

Enumerated powers

Authority specifically granted to a branch of government in the Constitution

Commerce clause

Grants Congress the authority to regulate interstate business and commercial activity

Grants-in-aid

Federal money provided to the states to implement public policy objectives

Privileges and immunities clause

Constitutional clause that prevents states from discriminating against people from out of state

Block grant

Type of grant-in-aid that gives state officials more authority in the disbursement of federal funds

Cooperative federalism

Form of American federalism in which the states and the national government work together to shape public policy

Unitary system

System where the central government has all of the power over subnational governments

Necessary and proper clause

Grants the federal government the authority to pass laws required to carry out its enumerated powers; also called the elastic clause

Reserved powers

Powers not given to the national government, which are retained by the states and the people

15th Amendment

Constitutional amendment that gave African American males the right to vote

Confederal system

System where the subnational governments have the most power

Fiscal federalism

Use of grants-in-aid to influence policies in the states

Supremacy clause

Establishes the Constitution and the laws of the federal government passed under its authority as the highest laws of the land

Categorical grants

Grants-in-aid provided to states with specific provisions on their use

13th Amendment

Constitutional amendment that outlawed slavery