Psych Quiz #3 Terms

Habituation

Decreased response after repeated exposure

Sensitization

Increased response after repeated exposure

Classical Conditioning

Learning by associating two stimuli (before behavior)

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Naturally triggers response

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Automatic response

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

No response initially

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Previously neutral → now triggers response

Conditioned Response (CR)

Learned response

Acquisition

Learning phase when association forms

Extinction

CR disappears when US is removed

Spontaneous Recovery

CR returns after extinction

Generalization

Responding to similar stimuli

Discrimination

Distinguishing between stimuli

Operant Conditioning

Learning through consequences (after behavior)

Law of Effect

Behaviors followed by good outcomes increase

Reinforcement

Increases behavior

Punishment

Decreases behavior

Positive Reinforcement

Add reward → increase behavior

Negative Reinforcement

Remove bad thing → increase behavior

Positive Punishment

Add bad thing → decrease behavior

Negative Punishment

Remove good thing → decrease behavior

Primary Reinforcer

Innately rewarding (food, water)

Secondary Reinforcer

Learned reward (money)

Continuous Reinforcement

Reward every time

Partial Reinforcement

Reward sometimes

Partial Reinforcement Effect

More resistant to extinction

Observational Learning

Learning by watching others

Modeling

Imitating behavior

Vicarious Conditioning

Learning from others’ rewards/punishments

Bounded Rationality

Decisions limited by info, time, and cognitive limits

Cognitive Miser

Humans prefer easy thinking

Heuristic

Mental shortcut

Availability Heuristic

Based on what comes to mind easily

Representativeness Heuristic

Based on similarity to prototype

Base Rate Fallacy

Ignoring actual probabilities

Bias

Systematic error in thinking

Framing Effect

Decisions depend on how info is presented

Paradox of Choice

Too many options → indecision

Maximizers vs Satisficers

Best vs good enough

Memory

Encoding → Storage → Retrieval

Encoding

Converting info into memory

Attention

Focusing mental resources

Selective Attention

Filtering info

Change Blindness

Missing visual changes

Filter Theory

We attend only to important info

Sensory Memory

Very brief, large capacity

Short-Term Memory

~30 sec, 7±2 items

Long-Term Memory

Unlimited capacity & duration

Maintenance Rehearsal

Repeating info (shallow)

Elaborative Rehearsal

Linking meaning (deep)

Consolidation

Short → long-term memory

Reconsolidation

Memory updated after recall

Working Memory

Active manipulation of info

Chunking

Grouping info into units

Retrieval Cue

Trigger for recall

Encoding Specificity Principle

Recall is better when context matches

Context-Dependent Memory

Same environment helps recall

State-Dependent Memory

Same physical state helps recall

Mood-Dependent Memory

Same mood helps recall

Mood-Congruent Memory

Recall info matching current mood

Mnemonics

Memory aids

Method of Loci

Link info to locations

Retroactive Inference

New blocks old

Proactive Inference

Old blocks new

Blocking

TIp-of-the-tongue

Absentmindedness

Poor encoding

Memory Bias

Altered over time

Flashbulb Memory

Vivid emotional memory

Misattribution

Wrong source

Suggestibility

Misleading info alters memory

False Memory

Confusing real vs imagined

Persistence

Unwanted memories (ex. PTSD)