8.7 and 8.8 Global Resistance and the End of the Cold War

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11 Terms

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Nonviolent Resistance: Gandhi

  • Used boycotts, marches, and fasts to oppose British

  • India gained independence in 1947

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Nonviolent Resistance: MLK, Jr.

  • Led American civil rights movement

  • Brown v. Board banned public school segregation

  • Montgomery Bus Boycott ended public transit segregation

  • March on Washington and March to Selma

  • Civil Rights Act of 1965

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Nonviolent Resistance: Nelson Mandela

  • Joined African National Congress in 1944

  • Spoke against colonial rule

  • After Apartheid was established he led many protests

  • Arrested and jailed in 1962 for conspiracy against state

  • Released in 1990

  • Worked with PM to end apartheid

  • Elected as South African President in 1994

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Global Resistance Terrorism

  • Terrorism is violence used to achieve political or social goals, often with global implications

  • Irish Republican Army used terrorism to attempt to unite Ireland and escape British control

  • Al-Qaeda (funded by Bin Laden) attacked numerous countries, including 9/11

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Challenges to Soviet Power

  • Czechoslovakia

  • Prague Spring- reform movement seeking a more independent nation

  • Soviets feared uprisings in other nations would begin

  • Warsaw Pact armies crushed Czech reform

  • Brezhnev Doctrine- Soviet allies would intervene if one member were threatened

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Cold War’s End: Long Term Causes

  • Detente

  • Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT)

  • Nixon’s 1972 visit to communist china to put pressure on soviets to deal with America

  • US selling grain to Soviets during a drought

  • Soviet-Afghan war (soviets killed many but lost)

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Detente

relaxation of strained relationships between nations

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Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT)

  • froze number of nuclear missiles each country could keep

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Short Term Causes of Cold War ending

  • Mikhail Gorbachev rising to power in 1985

    • progressive communist leader

  • Favored perestroika and glasnost

  • Policies ended economic and military support of Eastern European countries

  • Chernobyl

  • Democratic reform movements swept Eastern Europe in 1989, including Berlin Wall falling and East/West German reunification in 1990

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Perestroika

allowing aspects of free enterprise to remain in soviet russia under gorbachev

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Glasnost

opening up soviet society and government by granting more freedom under gorbachev