BIO 211 Chapter 18 Blood: The Cardiovascular System: Blood

What are the Functions of the Blood?

Transportation, Defense, and Homeostasis

What does the blood transport?

Nutrients, oxygen, Hormones, and wastes

What does the blood help defend?

White blood cells and clotting

What is the Homeostasis of the blood?

Temperature and Chemical balance.

What are the components (Blood composition) of the blood?

Hematocrit, Buffy coat, and plasma

What does the Hematocrit of the blood measure?

RBC (Red blood cell) %

The Hematocrit has a?

Packed cell volume

What is packed cell volume?

represents the amount of space RBCs (Red blood cells) take up in the blood.

What does the Buffy coat consists of?

White blood cells (WBC) and platelets

What is the function of the White blood cells (WBCs) ?

responsible for fighting infectious agents and protecting the body against disease

What is the function of platelets?

involved in blood clotting and help to prevent excessive bleeding.

What are the components of plasma?

water, proteins, nutrients, and hormones.

What is the role of water in plasma?

Helps to maintain blood volume and aids in the transportation of nutrients and waste products.

What are proteins in plasma used for?

carrying molecules, regulating fluid balance, and aiding in immune responses.

What nutrients are found in plasma?

Glucose, amino acids, and lipids.

What is the role of hormones in plasma?

Act as chemical messengers, regulating various bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis.

What are some major characteristics of blood?

Is viscous, has a temperature of 38 C, and a pH level of 7.35-7.45.

How much blood does the average male and female have?

On average, males have 5-6 liters of blood while females have 4-5 liters.

What is the composition of plasma?

Made up of 92% water, plasma proteins, and other solutes.

What is the objective of the production of formed elements in blood?

To trace the generation of these elements from bone marrow stem cells.

What is the role of hemopoietic growth factors in the production of formed elements?

Promoting the production of formed elements in blood.

What is the lifespan of RBCs(red blood cells), WBCs (white blood cells), and Platelets?

Can range from a few hours to a few weeks.

What are the sites of Hemopoiesis?

The yolk sac during fetal development and the fetal liver, spleen, lymphatic tissue, and red bone marrow throughout a person's life.

What are stem cells in the differentiation of formed elements?

Undifferentiated cells that are capable of developing into various types of cells in the body. In the differentiation of formed elements, stem cells give rise to the different types of blood cells that make up the formed elements, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

What is a totipotent stem cell?

A type of stem cell that has the potential to differentiate into any type of cell in the body, including embryonic and placental cells.

What is a pluripotent stem cell?

A type of stem cell that has the ability to differentiate into any cell within a particular germ layer, but not extra-embryonic tissues.

What is a hemopoietic stem cell?

A type of stem cell that gives rise to the different types of blood cells in the body through the process of hemopoiesis.

What kind of stem cells are involved in hemopoiesis?

Both lymphoid stem cells and myeloid stem cells, which differentiate into different types of blood cells.

What is hemopoiesis?

The process of blood cell production, which takes place in the bone marrow.

What is required for hemopoiesis?

Hemopoietic growth factors, which regulate the development of various blood cell lineages.

What are lymphoid stem cells?

A type of stem cell that give rise to immune cells, such as B cells and T cells.

What are myeloid stem cells?

A type of stem cell that give rise to various types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Hemopoiesis contains?

Short life spans and the sites of hemopoiesis

What are hemopoietic growth factors?

A group of proteins that stimulate the production and differentiation of blood cells.

What are the Hemopoietic Growth Factors?

Erythropoietin, Thrombopoietin, and Cytokines

What is Erythropoietin?

A glycoprotein that is secreted by the kidneys and stimulates the production of red blood cells.

What is the function of Erythropoietin?

Increases the production of red blood cells.

What is Thrombopoietin?

A glycoprotein that is produced by the liver and kidneys and is involved in the development of platelets.

What is the function of Thrombopoietin?

Stimulates the development and differentiation of platelets, which are involved in blood clotting.

What are Cytokines?

A group of glycoproteins that have autocrine or paracrine functions and regulate the growth, development, and differentiation of cells.

What is the function of Cytokines?

Stimulate the production and differentiation of progenitor cells and also regulate the immune response.

Cytokines contains?

Colony-stimulating factors and Interleukins

What are cytokines?

Glycoproteins that trigger differentiation of Myeloblasts and can be Autocrine or Paracrine in nature.

What is the function of cytokines in increasing WBC (white blood cell) count?

Triggers the differentiation of Myeloblasts.

What are interleukins?

Role in differentiation and maturation of cells, as well as a role in immunity.

What are the colony-stimulating factors of Cytokinesis ?

Glycoproteins, Autocrine or Paracrine, Trigger differentiation of Myeloblasts, Increases WBC counts

what are the components of the structure of Erythrocytes?

A lost nucleus and organelles, Biconcave disks, and flexible structural proteins.

What is the structure of erythrocytes?

Lack a nucleus and organelles.

What is a characteristic of reticulocytes?

Lack mitochondria and ER.

What is the shape of erythrocytes?

Biconcave disks.

What is a benefit of the biconcave shape of erythrocytes?

Provides a greater surface area.

What is a flexible structural protein found in erythrocytes?

Spectrin

The Hemoglobin contains?

Large molecule, Oxyhemoglobin, Deoxyhemoglobin, and Carbaminohemoglobin

What is hemoglobin?

A large molecule composed of 4 folded proteins called globin, each of which binds a heme.

Each heme contains an?

iron ion.

What does each iron ion do in hemoglobin?

can bind one oxygen.

What is oxyhemoglobin?

When hemoglobin picks up oxygen in the lungs.

What is deoxyhemoglobin?

When hemoglobin releases oxygen.

What is carboxyhemoglobin?

When carbon dioxide is bound to hemoglobin.

What is the lifecycle of erythrocytes?

The production and lifespan of red blood cells.

How many red blood cells are produced per second?

2 million cells/sec

What nutrients are required for the production of red blood cells?

Iron, Copper, Zinc, and B vitamins

What is the lifespan of erythrocytes?

120 days

How are erythrocytes removed from the body?

By macrophages

What happens to hemoglobin during the erythrocyte's lifespan?

It is processed.

Disorders of Erythrocytes can be?

Anemia and sickle cell disease.

What are disorders of erythrocytes?

Conditions that affect red blood cells.

Why do size, shape, and number all matter in erythrocyte disorders?

Because any abnormalities in these factors can lead to impaired oxygen-carrying capacity and other complications.

What is anemia?

Type of erythrocyte disorder characterized by deficient red blood cell or hemoglobin numbers, leading to a decreased ability to carry oxygen.

How many types of anemia are there?

400 different types

What are the causes of anemia?

blood loss, faulty red blood cell production, or excessive red blood cell destruction.

What is sickle cell disease?

A genetic disorder that results in abnormal hemoglobin type and abnormal red blood cell shape.

What are the consequences of sickle cell disease?

Can lead to less oxygen being delivered to tissues, as well as a range of other complications.

What is the most common type of anemia?

Iron deficiency anemia.

Which nutrients are commonly lacking in vitamin-deficient anemia?

B12 and folate.

What is polycythemia?

condition characterized by an elevated red blood cell count.

How does polycythemia affect blood viscosity and heart function?

increases blood viscosity, making it more difficult for the heart to pump blood.

ABO and Rh Groups have?

More than 50 antigens identified, ABO blood group, and Circulating antibodies (preformed).

What are the most significant blood groups?

Type ABO and Rh

What are the two antigens present in the type A, B blood group?

A and B. Type O has neither antigens.

Which blood type has A antigens?

Type A blood

Which blood type has B antigens?

Type B blood

What are the ABO and Rh groups?

types of blood group systems.

What antigens does type O blood have?

Neither A nor B antigens.

What antigens does type AB blood have?

Both A and B antigens.

What circulating antibodies are preformed in the Type A ABO blood group?

Has anti-B antibodies preformed.

What circulating antibodies are preformed in the Type B ABO blood group?

Has anti-A antibodies preformed.

What circulating antibodies are preformed in the Type O ABO blood group?

Has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies preformed.

What circulating antibodies are preformed in the Type AB ABO blood group?

no preformed antibodies.

What is the Rh blood group?

A classification system for human blood that includes antigens present on the surface of red blood cells.

What is the Rh antigen?

A protein that is present on the surface of red blood cells in the Rh blood group system.

How many Rh antigens have been identified and how many are clinically relevant?

Dozens of Rh antigens have been identified, but only one, known as the D antigen, is clinical

What does it mean to be Rh positive?

person has the D antigen on the surface of their red blood cells.

What does it mean to be Rh negative?

person lacks the D antigen on the surface of their red blood cells.

What are circulating antibodies in regards to Rh blood groups?

produced in Rh-negative individuals after they have been exposed to Rh-positive blood. This can happen during pregnancy or through blood transfusions.

What is Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn?

condition that arises when the mother's blood type is Rh- and her baby's blood type is Rh+.

What can Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn lead to?

anemia and even death of the fetus

What is RhoGAM?

A medication that prevents the development of Rh antibodies in Rh- mother.

What is the procedure for determining ABO blood types?

- The unknown blood sample is put into wells.

- Anti-A antibody is added.

- Anti-B antibody is added.

- Anti-D antibody is added.

- Agglutination is checked.

What happens when an unknown blood sample is put into wells in the ABO blood type determination procedure?

The unknown blood sample is put into wells.