early history perceptions/events

Yersinia pestis (bacteria) Bubonic Plague

infects various rodents and is transferred to new host via a blood meal by a flea

Yersenia pestis symptoms

• swelling of lymph nodes (buboes) -baseball sized

• intravascular coagulation and subcutaneous hemorrhaging = necrosis/gabgrene

• death w/in 2-4 days of 1st symptoms

intravascular coagulation

clotting of the blood

subcutaneous

under the skin

what is Yersinia pestis treated ?

antibiotics

how does buboes turn black?

if not treated w/antibiotics quickly

Spanish Flu (H1N1)

lung hemorrhaging where you drown in fluids

spontaneous generation (abiogenesis)

• without biogenesis and also the hypothesis that living organisms arise from non living matter

• a “vital force” forms life

biogenesis

hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life

Germ Theory of Disease

idea that a particular microorganism causes a particular disease

Redi’s Experiment

jars w meat

one covered w/fine net and one not

maggots appeared on open jar

where did the maggots come from?

flies

what was the purpose of the sealed jar?

keep flies out

is Redi’s experiment spontaneous generation or biogenesis ?

biogenesis since the maggots arises from preexisting life (flies)

what did Anton van Leeuwenhoek do?

be the 1st person to describe live microorganisms and wouldn’t tell ppl how he made the lens/microscope, which hindered progress in microbiology

Father of Bacteriology

microbes moved w/purpose

animalcules

Jablot’s Experiment

broth in 2 flasks

one heated and not sealed

one heated and sealed

after time passed microbial growth appeared on unsealed flask

is Jablot’s experiment spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

biogenesis

John Needham did the same experiment and sealed a flask, why was there microbial growth?

the microbes may have come from the covering or the microbes may have been heat resistant

what did Lazzaro Spallanzani do?

boiled nutrient solutions for an hr in flasks then sealed them and it showed no microbial growth

who discovered oxygen in 1774?

Joseph Priestly

theodore schwann

air passed through before entering flask

franz schultz

air passed through strong chemicals before entering flask

franz and shultz resulted in…

no microbial growth

schroder and von dusch

air passed through cotton plug b4 entering flask resulting in no microbial growth

louis pasteur

• creates flasks w long curved necks

• out nutrient sol’n in flasks, boiled solutions and left flasks exposed to air

• resulting in no growth of microbes

• 1st scientist to disprove spontaneous generation proving biogenesis

how did Louis Pasteur demonstrate microorganisms are present in the air?

nutrient broth placed in a flask, heated, NOT sealed and with straight neck= microbial growth vs nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, NOT sealed and with crooked neck= no microbial growth

sour wine is resulted from?

Lactobacillus sp. which is a bacteria producing lactic acid

good wine resulted from?

yeast producing alcohol

what did pasteur also show?

sealed flasks can grow yeast without air and that microbes are responsible for fermentation

what is responsible for spoilage of food?

microbial growth

fermentation

acidic sugar breakdown and ATP production w/ no oxygen

pasteurization

application of a high heat for a short time that kills spoilage bacteria but not yeast or resistant bacteria

what can spoilage bacteria be killed by?

heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine bc it’s a large eukaryote

the golden age of microbiology

• roles of microbes in disease in not immediately obvious

• beginning w pasteur’s work discovering the relationship bw microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs

what vaccines did pasteur make?

rabies, anthrax, and chicken cholera

development of medical microbiology

• germ theory of disease

• sterile, aseptic techniques

Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis

instituted handwashing w/chlorinated like sol’n, which reduced mortality rate of mothers from puerperal sepsis (streptococcus infection) in hospital ward

Joseph Lister

used a chemical disinfectant (phenol) and heated instruments to prevent surgical wound infections

• “Father of Antiseptic Surgery”

• proved microbes cause surgical wound infections

what was used to prevent odor and decay in sewage ?

Phenol, carbolic acid