Carbohydrates and Lipids B 1.1

Macromolecules

Molecules formed by a very large number of atoms, with relative molecular mass over 10,000 amu

Condensation reactions

Link monomers to polymers, water is usually released

Glycosidic bonds

Bonds made by condensation reactions in carbohydrates

Use of carbohydrates

Short term energy storage

Starch

Stores energy in plants

Glycogen

Stores energy in humans

Glycoproteins

Composed of polypeptides with carbohydrates attached

ABO Glycoproteins

Effects blood transfusions — marks what blood type (O is universal donor)

Lipids

• dissolve in non-polar solvents

• Hydrophobic

Triglyceride

Combines three fatty acids with one glycerol (linked through condensation reaction/dehydration reaction)

Ester bond

Bond that is the result of the condensation reaction between 3 fatty acids and glycerol

Phospholipids

Have 2 fatty acids linked to a glycerol (hydrophobic)

Saturated fatty acid

All carbon bonds are single bonds → solids

Unsaturated fats

Broad name for mon and poly unsaturated fatty acids

Monounsaturated fatty acid

Carbon has one double bond → oil

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

Carbon has 1+ double bonds → oil

Cis-fatty acids

Hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the two double bonded C

Trans-fatty acids

Hydrogen atoms are on opposite sides of the the two double bonded C

Use of triglycerides

Long term storage

Phosphate head

Hydrophilic part of the phospholipid bilayer

Hydrocarbon tail

Hydrophobic part of the phospholipid bilayer

Steroids

A type if lipid, usually in rings

Metabolism

Sum of all reactions that occur in an organism, catalyzed by enzymes

Intracellular metabolism

Occurs within cells

Extracellular metabolism

Occurs outside of cells (ex. Digestion)

Anabolic pathways

Build up simple molecules into complex molecules, requires ATP (remember Ana brought the group together)

Catabolic pathways

Break down complex structures into simpler ones, release ATP, occurs by hydrolysis (remember Cat tore the group apart)

Hydrolysis

Breaking bonds by adding water