APWH, Unit 1.3, Developments in South and Southeast Asia

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Explain how the various belief systems and practices of South and Southeast Asia affected society over time.

Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism, and their core beliefs and practices, continued to shape societies in South and Southeast Asia.

KNOW: Bhakti Movement, Sufism, Buddhist monasticism

Explain how and why various states of South and Southeast Asia developed and maintained power over time.

State formation and development demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity including the news Hindu & Buddhist states that emerged in South and Southeast Asia.

KNOW: Vijayanagara Empire, Srivijaya Empire, Rajput kingdoms, Khmer Empire, Majapahit, Sukhothai kingdom, Sinhala dynasties

Define Vijayanagara Empire (Southern India).

Took name from "victorious city" that was crated by two Hindu brothers. It came after the Chola Dynasty

Define Rajput kingdoms (North India).

Hindu kingdoms that formed in northern India and present-day Pakistan.

Define Delhi Sultanate.

Islamic state made by Turkish people that invaded northern India.

Define Srivijaya Empire (Sumatra).

Hindu sea-based kingdom that prospered by charging fees on ships passing from India and China.

Define Majapahit Kingdom (Java).

Buddhist sea-based kingdom that prospered by charming fees on ships passing from India to China.

Define Sinhala dynasties (Sri Lanka).

Land-based kingdom that was Buddhist

Define Khmer Empire (Cambodia).

Also known as the Angkor Kingdom that was situated near the Mekong River. It had a complex draining and irrigation system. It's capital was at Angkor Thorn and was originally Hindu, but then Buddhist.

Define Sukothai Kingdom (Thailand).

Invaded the Khmer Empire and forced them out in 1431

Define Bhakti Movement.

Started in southern India that appealed to many believers because it did not discriminate women or people of low social status. It placed less emphasis on strict adherence to traditional rituals and beliefs and appealed to many people by focusing on a strong attachment to a particular deity.

Define Sufis.

Missionary work in Southeast Asia and, with their tolerance for local faith traditions, many people converted to Islam because they were still allowed to honor local deities

Define proselytize.

To actively seek converters

Define Qutub Minar.

Gigantic leaning tower that is the tallest structure in India today that combines common Hindu temples with domes common in Islamic mosques

Define Urdu.

Language that melded the grammatical pattern of Hindi with he vocabulary of Arabic and some elements of Farsi

Give 3 vocab. words that describe government in South Asia.

• Vijayanagara Empire (Southern India)

• Rajput kingdoms (Northern India)

• Delhi Sultanate

Give 5 vocab. words that describe government in Southeast Asia.

• Srivijaya Empire (Sumatra)

• Majahapit Kingdom (Java)

• Sinhala Dynasties (Sri Lanka)

• Khmer Empire (Cambodia)

• Sukothai Kingdom (Thailand)

Give 3 vocab. words that describe culture in religion.

• Bhakti Movement

• Sufis

• proselytize

Give 2 vocab. words that describe culture in blending.

• Qutub Minar

• Urdu

Describe how Lal Ded, known as other Layla, illustrates a major cross-interaction between religions traditions that shaped the history of South and Southern Asia.

She was born in Kashmir, India but is Hindu. However, her emphasis on experience appealed to many Muslims, particularly Sufis.

Under what empire was South Asia united as a single state?

Gupta Dynasty

What provided some cultural unity throughout the region of South Asia?

Hinduism

Southern India was (more/less) stable than northern India.

More

What are 2 kingdoms in Southern India?

Chola Dynasty & Vijayanagara Empire

What was the first kingdom of southern India?

Chola Dynasty (850-1267)

By the 11th century, Chola Dynasty extended its rule all the ways to Ceylon. Where is Ceylon today?

Sri Lanka

Describe how the Vijayanagara Empire came to be.

Two brothers from Delhi Sultanate were sent to southern India because the Delhi Sultanate wanted to extend its rule. They were born as Hindus but converted to Islam for sake of upward mobility. Once they left the Delhi Sultanate, they converted back to Hinduism and established their own kingdom.

Describe the timeline of the Vijayanagara Empire.

Mid-1300s to mid-1500s, but were overthrown by group of Muslim kingdoms.

Where did the Rajput kingdoms live?

India & Pakistan

During the Rajput kingdoms, was there a centralized government? Why?

No, because numerous clans were often at war with one another, demonstrating the diversity and regionalism in South Asia. This left the kingdoms vulnerable to Muslim attacks.

What protected India rom invasion from the north and east?

Himalayas

How did Muslim armies invade India if the Himalayan Mountains protected it form north and east?

They entered from northeast.

Describe Islamic armies in 8th century.

They invaded Pakistan, but brought little change to life. Located on fringes of Dar al-Islam, the region was isolated form the culture. Plus, Rajput princes wielded power to limit Muslim conquerors' influence.

Describe Islamic armies in 11th century.

Plundered northern India's Hindu temples and Buddhist shrines for riches. They erected mosques on those sites.

When did Islamic forces mange to conquer the city of Delhi and much of the northern portion of South Asia?

Early 13th century

How long did the Delhi Sultanate reign?

300 years

Describe how Hindus reacted to Islam.

Some converted while others rested Muslims and considered them foreigners.

What is the jizya?

A tax assessed on non-Muslims

Did the Delhi Sultanate organize an efficient bureaucracy in the style of the Chinese?

No. As a result, sultans had difficulty imposing their policies in the land as vast and diverse as India.

Describe how the Delhi Sultanate was defeated.

They wanted to extend their rule southward, but were facing a Mongol army from the northwest. They won against the Mongols, but lost in 1526 to Mughals, who traded their ancestry to Mongols.

Give 4 differences between Hinduism and Islam.

• Hindus pray to many gods while Islam prays to one.

• Hindu temples and artwork have pictures of deities while Muslims disapprove any representation of Allah.

• Hindu has caste system while Islam is equal.

• Hindu recognize several sacred texts while Islam has Quran.

Describe the arrival of Islam.

Islam initially entered India forcefully and then took on a peaceful approach. Most converts came voluntarily. In addition, merchants helped gain more converts.

Describe how merchants would gain more Islamic followers.

Many Muslim merchants in the Indian Ocean trade moved to Indian port cities and married. Their wives often ended up converting to their husband's religion.

Why would low-caste Hindus convert to Islam?

They hoped the conversion would improve their social status.

Describe how Islam in India was like Christianity in Roman Empire.

Both appealed to people who suffered the most under the existing social structure.

Who were the largest number of converts to Islam in India? Why?

Buddhists - corruptions among monks and raids on monasteries made Buddhism disorganized

The arrival of Islam altered the basic structure of society in South Asia: True or False

False - The arrival of Islam did little to alter the basic structure of society in South Asia.

What is India's strongest historical continuity?

Caste system

Describe how the caste system was flexible and able to accommodate newcomers.

Muslim merchants and migrants, even though they weren't Hindu, found a place for themselves within the caste hierarchy asked on their occupation.

Describe what happened to those who tried to escape the grip of the caste system.

They failed. Low-caste Hindus who converted to Islam usually did not achieve their goal of improving their social status. It required more education and opportunities for better jobs, not just a new religion.

Describe how women were treated in Hindu and Islamic culture.

Women in both were confined to a specific social sphere. Before Islam, women in Southeast Asia were more independent. This continued as people became Muslims because the core teachings varied depending not he culture.

Converts in South and Southeast Asia found ways to accommodate a new faith, but most people did not reject their traditions in the process: True or False

True

Where did "Arabic numerals" actually originate?

India

People in South Asia and the Middle East did not share their intellectual and cultural achievements with each other: True or False

False - People in South Asia and the Middle East shared their intellectual and cultural achievements with each other.

Describe the architecture built by sultans in India.

Buildings melded intricate artistic details of Hindu art with geometric patterns preferred by Islamic architecture.

Why was Qutub Minar built?

Presence of Islamic influence or dominance of northern India.

Urdu is the official language of what country?

Pakistan

Why was the Bhakti Movement so appealing?

It did not discriminate against women or people of low social status.

Ex: famous figure of movement was Mira Bai

Describe how Sufism and Bhakti Movement were similar.

Both placed less emphasis on strict adherence to traditional rituals and beliefs, and each appealed to people outside their traditions.

What religion did Bhakti Movement support? Sufism?

Hinduism; Islam

Name some countries in Southeast Asia.

• Indonesia

• Malaysia

• Cambodia

• Thailand

• Laos

• Vietnam

Describe some goods Southeast Asian lands traded.

• gold

• silver

• metal

• textiles

Most of the region of Southeast Asia is of what religion?

Buddhism

Why was whoever controlled Southeast Asia strategically significant?

Whoever controlled this region could influence the valuable trade between South Asia and East Asia.

Who came first: Srivijaya Empire or Majapahit Kingdom?

Srivijaya Empire (670-1025) Before Majapahit Kingdom (1293-1520)

Where was Srivijaya Empire located?

Sumatra

Where was Majapahit Kingdom located?

Java

Where was Sinhala Dynasties located?

Sri Lanka

Where did Sinhala Dynasty trace their roots?

Early arrival of immigrants, most likely merchants, from northern India

What religion was Sinhala Dynasty?

Buddhist

Describe Buddhism in Sinhala Dynasty.

It was so embedded that Buddhist priests often served as advisors to monarch s. There were monasteries and nunneries everywhere.

Describe the downfall of the Sinhala Dynasty.

Attacks by invaders from India and conflicts between monarchy and priests weakened kingdom.

What is another name for the Khmer Empire?

Angkor Empire

Why was the Khmer Empire so prosperous?

They had a complex irrigation and drainage system that led to economic prosperity. It allowed farmers to harvest twice a year, and drainage system reduced impact of monsoon rains.

Where was the Khmer Empire?

Cambodia

What was the capital of Khmer Empire?

Angkor Thorn

Describe the architecture at Angkor Thorn.

Hindu artwork and sculptures of deities abound. However, the kingdom must have become Buddhist because there are Buddhist sculptures and artwork to temples without destroying Hindu artwork.

What is Angkor Wat?

Buddhist temple

Where is the Sukhothai Kingdom?

Thailand

The first Southeast Asian Muslims were what? (HINT: trade)

Local merchants

What country has the most Muslims than any other country?

Indonesia

Describe ONE way in which political structures were similar between Southern India and Northern India in the period c. 1200 - c. 1450.

One way in which political structures were similar between Southern India and Northern India in the period c. 1200 to c. 1450 is that they were both based on Hinduism. For instance, The Vijayanagara Empire was Hindu in southern India while the Rajput kingdoms in northern India were Hindu, too. They both were based on the same religion that still heavily influences India today.

Describe ONE way in which two kingdoms in Southeast Asia differed in the period c. 1200 - c. 1450.

One way in which two kingdoms in Southeast Asia differed in the period c. 1200 to c. 1450 is their religion. The Srivijaya Empire and the Majapahit Kingdoms were both sea-based kingdoms in Southeast Asia. However, the former was Hindu while the latter was Buddhist.

Explain ONE example of Islamic influence in South and Southeast Asia during the period c. 1200 - c. 1450.

One example of Islamic influence in South and Southeast Asia during the period c. 1200 to c. 1450 can be seen through Qutub Minar. The structure had Hindu temples with domes common in Islamic mosques. The architecture used in this tower demonstrates the syncretism of Hindu and Islamic influence in India.

What was the first civilization in India?

Indus River Valley

What are the earliest texts of Hinduism called?

The Vedas

What is one of India's most lasting institutions?

Caste system

What is the caste system the foundation of?

Dharma in Hinduism

What is dharma? What is it determined by?

Dharma is one's role in life and society. It is defined by birth and by caste.

What is the ultimate goal of Hinduism?

To be released from the cycle of dharma

What is the released form the cycle of life called?

Moksha

Who is Purusha?

The universe-pervading spirit

What was Purusha's mouth called?

Brahmin

What was Purusha's arms called?

Kshatriya

What was Purusha's thighs called?

Vaisyas

What was Purusha's feet called?

Sudra

Who are the Brahmins?

priests

Who were Kshatriyas?

warriors

Who were the Vaisyas?

craftspeople & merchants

Who were the Shudras?

Laborers and farmers