The lymphatic and immune system (ch. 13)

similarity between the lymphatic and immune system systems

Share some of the same structures and functions

Both contain the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, and some of the disease fighting cells

What is the lymphatic system?

find the location together and concentrate foreign substances present the body so that the lymphocytes circulating through the lymphatic organs and vessels are able to destroy and remove them

Function of the lymphatic system

Reduce tissue edema by removing fluid from capillary beds

Returns the protein from the fluids to the blood

traps and filters, cellular debris, such as cancer cells and microbes, with the help of cells called macrophages

It recycles body fluids to various parts of the body

It’s circulates lymphocytes to assist with the immune response

It moves fats from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to the blood

What is the immune system?

The body’s defense system

Function of the immune system

Protect the body against foreign body invasions

A normal function, it coordinates activities in the blood body tissue in the lymphatic system to protect the body from foreign body invasion

If fights off infections and protects against future infections by producing a variety of immune responses

It produces antibodies (immunoglobulins)

How is the lymphatic system similar to both the cardiovascular and blood systems?

It involves a network of vessels that transport fluid around the body

What is interstitial fluid

The liquid part of blood (plasma) has the ability to leave the blood carpillaries and enter the cellular areas of the body. Once plasma leaves the vascular system, it is known as interstitial fluid.

Function of interstitial fluid

Provides nutrients and performs other functions in the exchange of fluid fluids to and from the cells

Characteristic of lymphatic system

Serves as aid training system to remove fluid from cellular areas; it concentrates foreign substances to assist the immune system

What is lymph?

Fluid that contains white blood cells and other sentences and flows in the lymphatic vessels

What are lymphatic pathways or lymphatic vessels?

The vessels that transport lymph (the fluid of the lymphatic system) around the body

What is the smallest part of the lymphatic pathways

The microscopic capillaries located in the capillary bed of the body

What are the capillary beds?

thin walled vessels that receive fluid and debris from the bloodstream

Movements of lymph once it is inside the capillary beds

Once inside the beds, of the food is known as lymph. The length travels throughout the lymphatic vessels in One Direction only. → back towards the heart.

What does the lymphatic vessels contain?

Valves that prevent backflow of lymph

What happens as the vessels approached the heart?

They carry more fluid and are larger in size

What are lymph nodes?

Specialized organs that filter harmful substances from the tissue and assist the immune response

Connection between lymph and lymph nodes

The lymph passes through many lymph nodes for filtering so that it is ready for transferring back to the vascular system

By the time the fluid reaches the thoracic cavity

The lymph has been filtered many times

The lymph node contains special cells

Macrophages that devour foreign substances

Lymph nodes become becomes swollen with

Lymphocytes (lymph cells) and macrophages

where are lymph nodes located?

Throughout the body except in the central nervous system system; they are quite numerous near joints of the body

The major group groups of lymph nodes are located in the throat (the tonsils and adenoids are actually lymph tissue) neck, axilla (armpit), mediastinum, and groin

What is the spleen?

Organ of the lymph system that filters and stores, blood, removes old, red blood cells, and activates lymphocytes

Characteristic of the spleen

The largest lymphatic organ

Where is the spleen located?

In the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity where it is easily injured ruptured

What happens when the spleen is injured/ruptured?

It must be repaired or removed (it’s functions are taken over our by the lymph nodes, liver, and bone marrow)

Function of the spleen

To filter for material from the blood store blood, remove damage or old red blood cells, and activate lymphocytes that destroys them before and substances filtered from the blood

How is the spleen important

It is important, not only to the lymphatic system, but also to the circulatory system

What is the spleen association with the circulatory system?

It’s ass association with the circulatory system is similar to the association of the lymph node to the lymphatic system

The spleen is a major site for

Immunoglobulin (anti antibody) production by B. Lymphocytes and have differentiated into antibody producing plasma cells.

What is the thymus gland?

Soft gland with two lobes that is involved in immune responses, located in mediastinum

Characteristic of thymus gland

It is large during infancy and early childhood when immunity is most crucial gradually shrinks until it becomes connective tissue and adulthood (when the body has acquired other types of immunities)

What are T cells/T lymphocytes?

specialize white blood cells that receive markers in the thymus; responsible for cellular immunity and assist in humoral immunity

What are B lymphocytes/B cells?

Kind of lymph like that manufacturers antibodies

What is thymosin

Hormones created by the thymus gland that aids in distribution of lymphocytes (T lymphocytes) and lymphocytes

Aden/o

Ex) adenocarcinoma

Gland

Glandular cancer

Immun/o

Ex) immunosupressor

Immunity

An agent that suppresses the immune response

Lymph/o

Ex) lymphocyte

Lymph

A white blood cells associated with the immune response

Lymphaden/o

Ex) lynphadenopathy

Lymph nodes

A disease affecting the lymph nodes?

Lymphangi/o

Ex) lymphagitis

Lymphatic vessels

Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels

Splen/o

Ex) splenectomy

Spleen

The removal of the spleen

Thym/o

Ex) thymectomy

Thymus

Removal of the thymus

Tox/o, toxi-, toxico-

Ex) toxicosis

Poison

Systemic poisoning

What are lymphatic pathways?

Vessels that transport lymph

What is lymph

Fluid of the lymphatic system around the body

What are lymph nodes?

Located along the lymphatic vessels; small lumps of lymphatic tissue that serve as collecting points to filter the lymph

What is the mean?

The largest lymphatic organism; located located in the upper left portion of the abdominal company, where unfortunately it is easily injured and ruptured

what is the thymus gland?

A two-lobed, soft gland located in the thoracic cavity

The thymus gland contains a high number of

T lymphocytes and t cells

The thymus gland contains a decreased number of

B lymphocytes or B cells

What happens to the lymphocytes after being produced in the bone marrow?

After being produced in the bone marrow, some of the lymphocytes (immature t cells) migrate through the thymus gland birthday acquire the marker that identifies them as T lymphocytes; others become B cells.

Function of T cells

provide immunity after they leave the thymus

What is thymosin

Hormones secreted by the thymus

The immune system relies on

Several other systems to accomplish its duties

What play significant roles in the functioning of the immune system

The reticuloendothelial system (RES), hematopoietic system, mononuclear phagocytic system (or phagocytic system), and lymphoid shstem

What is the hematopoietic system

it’s responsible for the production of the blood cells in the bone marrow→ the blood cells include erythrocytes/red blood cells, leukocytes/white blood cells, and thrombocyte/platelets

Connection between the immune system and lymphatic system

They share several parts, including the lymph nodes, spleen, and by gland→ these parts, serve as defense mechanisms protecting the body

What other parts play an important role in protecting the body from diseases

Skin and tonsils

The immune system system of the body consists of

All the processes that perform a series of defenses to protect from and respond to disease

What are the leukocytes

Lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes (polymorphonculeated cells or PMN)

The RES and phagocytic systems provide the phagocytes of the tissue in the phagocytes of the blood are called

Macrophages and microphages

Parasites remove foreign particles from the body in the process of

Phagocytosis; the internalization or eating at the particles and the digestion of the particles for presentation to the appropriate cells of the immune system

Immune system is divided into two kinds:

The cellular response and the humoral or immunoglobulin (antibody) response

What are the B cells responsible for the production of?

Antibodies (also called immunoglobulins) → the humoral response

The body includes a number of

Mechanical, chemical, and other defenses against disease

What are disease causing agent?

Pathogens

What happens when pathogens tried to enter the body

They often stops by the skin, the Celia in the nose, and various mucus membranes; oh, which are mechanical barriers to intrusion

What are antigens?

In the bloodstream, certain substances called antigens may provoke an immune response to certain diseases

What work together to avert or attack a disease?

Mechanical chemical defenses work together

What is immunity?

The body has a specific defense of the immune system system called immunity; provide provides resistance to particular pathogens

What are the three types of immunity?

Natural immunity, acquired active immunity, and acquired passive immunity

What is natural immunity?

The human bodies natural resistance to certain diseases

What is acquired active immunity?

The body develops acquired, active immunity either by having a disease and producing natural antibodies to it or abide being vaccinated against the disease

What is immunization or vaccination?

The injection of an antigen or a substance that provoke an immune response from an organism that causes active immunity via the production of antibodies

What is a vaccine?

An injected antigen that provokes immune response from an organism that causes active immunity via production of antibodies

What are the two types of acquired active immunity?

Humoral immunity and cell mediated immunity

what is humeral immunity

Provided by plasma cells, which produces anti antibodies called immunoglobulins

What are the five major immunoglobulins?

Immunoglobin G (IgG): effective against bacteria, viruses, and toxins

Immunoglobulin A (IgA): common exocrine gland, secretion such as breastmilk, tears, nasal fluid and gastric juices; transfers immunity from mother to infants through breastmilk

Immunoglobulin M (IgM): develops in the bloodstream in response to certain antigens within the body or from foreign sources; the first antibody to be produced after infection

Immunoglobulin D (IgD): important in B cell activation, which helps community by transforming itself into a plasma cell in the presence of a specific type of antigen

Immunoglobulin E (IgE): appears in glandular secretions, and is associated with allergic reactions

What is cell mediated immunity?

Provided by the action of T cells;

Action of T cells in cell mediated immunity

T cells respond to antigens by multiplying rapidly in producing protein proteins called lymphokines (ex: interferons and interleukins) → they have antiviral properties or properties that affect the action of our cells in the body

T cells also produce substances to stimulate

The B cells to differentiate into plasma cells and to produce antibodies

Three types of other specialized T cells are

Helper cells or CD4 cells that stimulate the immune response

Cytotoxic cells or CD8 cells that help in the destruction of infected cells

Suppressor sales or T cells (mainly CD8 and some CD4) that’s a pressed B cells and other immune cell

What is acquired passive immunity

Provided in the form of antibodies or anti antitoxins that have been developed in another person or another species

Acquired passive mood is necessary in the case of

Snake bite and tetanus or any problem where immediate immunity is needed

What happens when an acquired passive immunity is needed

A dose of antitoxin or antibiotic directed against specific toxins is given to provide antibodies

Passive immunity may also be administered to

Less than the chance of catching a disease or to lessen the severity of the course if the disease

What is Gemma globulin?

A preparation of collected antibodies given to prevent or less certain diseases, such as hepatitis a, varicella and rabies

Abnormalities of the lymph organs can be checked in a

CT scan

Several blood tests that indicate the number and condition of white blood cells are also used in

Diagnosing, lymph, and immune system disease diseases

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is diagnosed mainly with two blood serum tests

Enzyme linked immunoabsorbant assay (ELISA) and enzyme immunoassy (EIA)

ELISA test blood for

The antibodies to the HIV virus as well as antibodies to other specific viruses such as hepatitis B

What is the western blot test for?

Is a confirming test for the presence of HIV antibodies

A diagnosis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is made based on

The presence of opportunistic infections and T cell counts in specific ranges

Allergy test are performed by

An allergist

Allergy tests usually consists of some form of

Exposure to a small amount of the suspected allergy to see if a reaction occurs; now there are even home allergy tests available that can detect allergies by testing a small amount of blood

Diseases of the lymph and immune system systems include

Diseases that attack lymph, tissue itself, disease diseases that are spread through the lymphatic pathways, and disease diseases that flourish because of the suppression of the immune response

What are disorders of the lymph and immune system caused by?

They can be caused by overly vigorous responses to an immune system invader; this is the case, with some diseases of the other body system, such as multiple cirrhosis in which the immune system system attacks some of the nervous system’s protective covering, myelin

What is an allergy?

Immune overresponse to a stimulus

What is the most widespread virus that attacks the immune system?

Human immunodeficiency virus or HIV; a virus spread bisexual contact, exchange of bodily fluid, or intravenous exposure

A person that is HIV positive may

May carry HIV, but has not yet come down with HIV infections (diseases that tend to occur in HIV positive people) or has not yet been given a diagnosis of AIDS