Biology E2: WATER

saltwater

saltwater

NaCl

• solution

• salinity: abt 3.5%

NaCl is a ____ bond

ionic

desalination is hard because…

it requires significant energy and money to remove salt from water.

desalination

the process of removing salt and impurities from seawater to produce fresh water.

states of matter

• solid

• liquid

• gas

average american uses _____ of water per day

90 gallons

aquifer

a geological formation that can store and transmit groundwater, providing a significant source of fresh water.

Baltimore’s reservoirs

Loch Raven, Pretty Boy, and Liberty

Water is piped from ______ in Baltimore when in drought

the Susquehanna River

infiltration

filtering through rock

precipitation

the process of water falling from the atmosphere as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.

water filtration plants

montebella, ashburton

Humans’ impacts on water cycle

• pollution

• deforestation

• dams

• urbanization

• climate change

• irrigation practices

• use a lot of surface water

deforestation

clearing of forests

transpiration

the process by which water is absorbed by plants and released as vapor into the atmosphere.

what does deforestation cause

lower transpiration, makes it drier

effect of the dams

decreases river flow

effect of urbanization

concrete, asphaet

• decrease in infiltration

• increase in runoff

• increase in floods

effect of the irrigation practices

crops; they are inefficient

consequences on the water cycle

• water scarcity

• flooding

• water pollution

• changes in ecosystems

physical water scarcity

limited water resources and climate; not much rain

economic water scarcity

accessibility to water resources

infrastructure

delivers water to people

ocean acidification

the ocean becoming more acidic

the oceans: ____ of the Earth’s surface

70%

the oceans

atlantic, pacific, indian, southern, arctic

atlantic ocean

east coast of U.S.

pacific ocean

west coast of U.S.; east of asia

indian ocean

east of africa; south of asia

southern ocean

north of antarctica

arctic ocean

north of asia and north america

composition the oceans

• salts

• nutrients

• dissolved gas → oxygen

oceans have most amounts of…

sodium + chloride (NaCl)

oceans have small amounts of…

Mg, Ca, K, HCO₃

bicarbonate

HCO₃

nutrients

iron, Mg² + major ones; chemicals necessary for all living organisms

atmosphere

• nitrogen

• oxygen

• carbon dioxide

gases in the atmosphere ALSO dissolve in….

the water in oceans

buffer

a solution that resists a change in pH, when an acid or base is added

pH buffers

special solutions which prevent large variations in pH levels

the ocean pH

8.2 to 8.1

how is the ocean pH changing?

the pH is LOWERING; decreased from 8.2 to 8.1

where are there more changes in ocean pH?

near the poles

causes for decrease in pH in oceans

the entering of CO₂ in the ocean

phytoplankton

small organisms in ocean water microscope; they photosynthesize

phytoplankton are the ____ of the oceans’ food chains and are _____

base, photosynthetic

people rely on the ocean for….

food and transportation

oceans play a vital role in ______ and ______

climate, weather

global warming contributes to…

rising sea surface temps + sea levels

effects of ocean acidification

• animals that need bicarbonate to build shells

• discovering more effects for example on development

• fish may have more trouble regulating blood pH

zooplankton

pteropods, foraminifera

corals

adults, larvae

shelled animals

cleans, mussels

ocean acidification effects to society

• people rely on food as primary source of protein

• jobs + economies depend on fish + shellfish that live in ocean

• changes + alters marine food chains and food supply to humans

• decrease storm protection from reefs + tourism opportunities

what can we do to STOP ocean acidification?

• monitoring + observing

• understand changes, share knowledge

• decrease burning of fossil fuels

• increase forested areas → photosynthesis, water plants

climate change

↑temp → lower oxygen

more oxygen can dissolve in colder water than warmer water

pollution

• oil spill

• plastic

• chemicals

coastal ecosystems

• estuaries

• salt marshes

• rocky intertidal

• mangrove forests

estuaries

rivers meet the ocean; biodiversity, recreation

Chesapeake Bay is an example of a(n)….

estuary

salt marshes

marsh → wetland; seagrasses } nursery; migrating birds, insects

wetland

area that is partially submerged at least part of the year

rocky intertidal

intertidal → rocky intertidal → land → between low to high tide

adaptation: temp, secure yourself

mangrove forests

trees-mangrove; roots-anchor

adaptations: salty, w/ standwave action; tropical areas

coral reefs

coral → calcium carbonate; fish, plants, algae, sponges

why are salt marshes important?

• biodiversity

• absorb water ↓

  protect coastlines

• filters runoff

continental shelf

shallower coast

pelagic

• open ocean

• in the water column

benthic

• bottom-dwellers

photic

light

aphotic

no light

deep ocean

dark, cold

producers

• photosynthesizers

• autotrophs

consumers

• heterotrophs

• they eat

primary consumer

eats the producer, first consumer on the food chain

secondary consumer

eats primary consumer, second consumer on the food chain

tertiary consumer

eats secondary consumer, third consumer on the food chain

quaternary consumer

eats tertiary consumer, fourth consumer on the food chain

decomposer

organism that breaks down dead organic matter and releases nutrients back into the environment (ex. bacteria)

food chains

demonstrates feeding levels, energy moves through the ecosystem

herbivores

eats plants

carnivores

eats other animals

omnivores

eats both plants and animals

food webs

demonstrates interactions and dependence

direction of arrows

indicates the movement of energy through the food web

symbiosis

a close, long-term relationship between two species

mutualism

relationship in which both organisms benefit

commensalism

relationship in which one organism benefits and the other does not receive any benefit or harm

parasitism

relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed

competition

a relationship between living things that depend on the same resources in the same place

interspecific

competition between different species

intraspecific

competition between same species

competitive exclusion

same niche two organisms cannot occupy the same exact niche

resource partitioning

species divide up the niche/resources so that they are not in direct competition

keystone species

species which have an extremely high impact on a particular ecosystem relative to its population ( often top predators)

removal of keystone species

causes drastic changes in the food chain; decreases the biodiversity

coral reefs

ecosystem based on structures built by corals

coral reef location

shallow, coastal, tropical areas

supports a ______ of organisms

large diversity

how are coral reefs affected by ocean acidification?

the ocean is more acidic, causing the coral reefs to be weaker