ANS 205 Midterm 3 - Blood and Bodily Fluids

3 main functions of blood

Distribution, transport, and assist

Blood Function - distribution

nutrients from the digestive tract

Blood Function - transport

Oxygen from lungs to the body, CO2 from body to lungs, waste products from body to kidneys, hormones

Blood Function - assist

Body temperature regulation (water in blood is what alters temp), maintaining body pH (bicarbonate ion controls), prevention of blood loss (platelets prevent blood loss, endothelial cells help to prevent blood loss, and clot helps to prevent blood loss), body’s defense mechanisms (WBC’s start inflammation which is a good thing unless left unchecked)

What is clot characterized by?

Fibrin

Composition of Blood

Plasma (55-70%) and formed elements (cells)

Plasma (watery component)

Serum and fibrinogen(specific example of clotting factors)

Formed elements (cellular component)

Leucocytes (WBC), Erythrocytes (RBC - 99%), and Platelets. WBC’s have nucleus, but RBCs and Platelets do not so they are cell-like. WBCs and Platelets make up ~1% or <1% formed elements.

Leucocytes (WBC)

Granular leucocytes (granulocytes) and Agranular leucocytes (agranulocytes)

Granular leucocytes (granulocytes)

Eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils

Agranular leucocytes (agranulocytes)

Lymphocytes (T and B cells), Monocytes (gobblers, providers of phagocytes, poor phagocytes, good gobblers - macrophage)

Plasma compnents

Water (91-92%), Ions, Organic molecules (i.e. amino acids, proteins, glucose, lipids, and nitrogenous waste), trace elements and vitamins (nutrition, fluctuating amount based on diet), gases (some absorbed into plasma. have to go in watery part then find RBCs then find and bind to hemaglobin) such as CO2 and O2

Proteins in Plasma

Albumins, globulins, fibrogen/clotting factors, transferrin

Albumins

Major contributors to plasma colloid osmotic pressure; carriers for various substances. Can also serve as a carrier protein to take things here and there. Largest quantity, dictate osmotic pressure. 

Globulins

Clotting factors, enzymes, antibodies, carriers for various substances. 3 fractions: alpha, beta, and gamma (fraction that is antibodies)

Fibrinogen/all clotting factors

Forms fibrin threads essential to blood clotting. Bulkiest and most abundant clotting factor. 11/12 clotting factors are proteins, 1 is calcium

Transferrin

Iron transport. Ferrin=iron (ferrous form and ferric form), transferring iron in RBC.

Red Blood cells

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. Heme=the red part.

White Blood cells

Include lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Lymphocytes

Produce specific immune responses directed against invaders

Monocytes

Phagocytes; after migrating into tissues, they develop into macrophages

Neutrophils

Mobile phagocytes that ingest foreign substances and pathogens

Eosinophils

Produce toxic compounds directed against invading pathogens

Basophils

Tissue are also called mast cells

Platelets

Cell fragments that are essential to blood clotting. Very small fraction but need to keep a solid eye on

Plasma

92% water but also ions, organic molecules, trace elements/vitamins, and gases. “internal environment” for all cells. Collected with anticoagulant

Serum

Plasma - clotting protein. Bulky proteins removed from the sample, sample allowed to clot, blood collected with no anticoagulants (clotting factors utilized in clot formation, remainder is this)

Formed elements

Red blood cell, White blood cells (granulocytes (neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil) and agranulocytes (lymphocyte and monocyte)), and platelets

Red blood cells - Erythrocyte

Prefix=red. 5-7um in diameter, biconcave discs, no nuclei. Contain hemoglobin which is a gas carrying protein. Structure provides large surface area for gaseous exchange. (Oxyhemoglobin, carbaminohemoglobin, and Methemoglobin/carboxyhemoglobin). Live 120-140 days. Spleen is final resting place (organized cell death). “gobbled” by macrophage.

Oxyhemoglobin

O2 binding to heme

Caraminohemoglobin

CO2 binding to globin

Methemoglobin/carboxyhemoglobin

Carbon monoxide - which has a 200x stronger binding ability compared to CO2 - poisoning blocks O2 from binding to RBCs

Erythrocyte

live 120-140 days. Erythropoiesis