Biochemistry (Vitamins & minerals) - Irene Gold Booklet :)

What are the water soluble vitamins?

B vitamins and vitamin C

What is the reaction done by B1 Thiamine

Decarboxylation (removes carboxyl group)

Beri-Beri is a deficiency in?

Thiamine (Vitamin B1)

Wet Beri beri affects the ____ and dry Beri Beri affects the ______

Cardiovascular system; PNS (neuropathy)

What is the active form of vitamin B1

Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) aka thiamine diphosphate

What is the active form of vitamin B2

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

What kind of reaction uses vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

Oxidation/reduction

Cheilosis (angular stomatitis) is seen from deficiency in

B2 riboflavin

What is the active from of vitamin B3

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)

What are the 4 D's of pellagra

Dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis, death

Pellagra is associated with what deficiencu

B3 Niacin

What vitamin is a structural component of co-enzyme A

B5 pantothenate

What is the active form of vitamin B5

Panthenol

What is the active form of B6

pyridoxal-5-phosphate

What reaction uses vitamin B6 Pyridoxine

Transamination and amino acid metabolism

Hair loss and brittle nails are signs of what deficiency

Biotin (B7)

What reaction uses vitamin B7 Biotin

Carboxylation (adding carboxyl group)

What is the active form of vitamin B9

methyltetrahydrofolate

What reaction is B9 folic acid used for

Methylation (donate methyl group in DNA and RNA synthesis)

Deficiency in vitamin B9 folate can lead to

Megaloblastic anemia, glossitis, neural tube defects (spina bifida)

What is the active form of vitamin B12

Methylcobalamin

What reaction uses vitamin B12 cobalamin

Homocysteine remethylation

deficiency in B12 (cobalamin) can cause

Megaloblastic anemia, pernicious anemia, combined systems disease (PLS)

What is the active form of vitamin C

Ascorbic acid

Bleeding gums, weak blood vessels and poor wound healing are all signs of

Scurvy - vitamin C deficiency

What reaction uses vitamin C

Collagen synthesis and iron absorption

What is the active form of vitamin A

retinal and retinoic acid

Functions of vitamin A

Vision and growth

Nyctalopia, keratomalacia and xerophthalmia are all signs of what deficiency

Vitamin A

What is vitamin A a precursor for

Rhodopsin (photopigment in rods of the retina)

Functions of vitamin D

Calcium and phosphate metabolism

Bone softening diseases such as Rickets and osteomalacia are caused by deficiency in what

Vitamin D

What is the active form of vitamin E

Alpha-tocopherol

Function of vitamin E

Lipid antioxidant, protects against free radicals

What occurs if you consume way too much vitamin E

Diarhea

Best sources of vitamin E

Nuts, seeds, vegetable oils

Active form of vitamin K

hydroquinone

What is the precursor to Coenzyme Q

Vitamin K

How does vitamin K aid in blood clotting

Helps convert prothrombin into thrombin

Where do we get vitamin K

Made in gut flora and can get from green leafy veggies

What will be the result of a chromium deficiency

Impaired glucose tolerance

Cobalt is a component of which vitamin?

Vitamin B12

Functions of magnesium

Binds ATP for muscle contraction/relaxation, protein production

Hyperexcitability, muscle weakness and sleepiness are signs of deficiency in what

Magnesium

Function of iodine

Is converted into thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

What is cretinism

Iodine deficiency in children

How does an iodine deficiecy present in adults

Goiter or myxedema

What is the result of an iron deficiency

hypochromic microcytic anemia

Function of selenium

antioxidant

Functions of zinc

Carbonic anhydrase, immune function, taste, wound healing

Impaired wood healing could be from a deficiency in what mineral

Zinc

Describe the result of a deficiency vs excess fluoride

Dental carries; hyperfluorosis

What vitamins are antioxidants

Vitamins A, C, and E

Methionine synthase is activated by

Vitamin B12

What is the rate limiting step for vitamin D synthesis

1-alpha-hydroxylase from kidneys

Describe how dietary iron is absorbed into the duodenum

Fe3+ converts to Fe2+ via Vit C

Describe how dietary iron is absorbed into the bloood

Fe2+ converted back into Fe3+ via copper

What is the most active form of iron

Ferric (Fe3+)

What is the most absorbable form of iron

Ferrous (Fe2+)

What is the storage form of iron

ferritin

What is the active form of vitamin D

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol