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Ancien régime
The political system in Europe before the 1800s in which the feudal system and absolute monarchs were core factors.
Enlightenment thinking
Using common sense to reason.
Democracy
Literally: A system of government in which citizens exercise power.
Revolution
When a change takes place within a very short space of time.
Constitution
A countries most important laws. A constitution states how a country is to be governed and what the rights of the its citizens are.
Fundamental rights
Basic laws that apply for everyone. They can often be found in the constitution and concern the citizens right to freedom, life and property.
Citizenship
When someone is a citizen of a country. When you are a citizen of a specific country all of the rules and regulations of that country apply to you.
Absolute Power
A form of government, often called absolutism. The monarch is able to decide everything: his/her power is absolute
Divine right of the king
Rights to rule a country given to a king by God. Christian monarchs used this right to legitimize their power. They claimed that God had called upon them to rule over their people. They believed they didn't have to answer to anyone else but God.
Estates of the realm
The social orders of the Middle Ages: clergy, nobility, and commoners
Bourgeoisie
The rich middle class. Think of: bankers, tradesmen, doctors, notaries, lawyers and - from the 19th century onwards - entrepreneurs and factory owners.
Ratio
Reason, common sense.
Enlightenment
An intellectual and philosophical movement that reached great heights during the eighteenth century. The enlightenment originated in the Renaissance and the scientific revolution.
Superstition
Being convinced that supernatural powers influence your day to day life.
Separation of powers
A state is divided into branches, each with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that the powers of one branch are not in conflict with the powers associated with the other branches. The three branches being a legislature, an executive and a judiciary,
French Revolution
The rapid and large-scale political and social changes in France from 1789 onwards, during which the citizens taking control of the government.
Estates General
An advisory assembly of the different estates of France summoned by the King.
National Assembly
An assembly gathered by members of the third order and their followers in place of the Estates General.
Republic
A country with an elected leader instead of a monarch (which means the title is not inherited).
Girondins
Members of a loosely knit political faction during the French Revolution. They wanted change, but didn't want to change a lot.
Jacobin
A radical political group during the French revolution, they wanted to carry through the most changes.
The reign of terror
A period (1793 - 1794) in which tens of thousands of opponents of the French Revolution are beheaded in name of the revolution.
Industrial revolution
The fast paced change between manual production to mechanical production of goods that had enormous social-economic consequences.
Socialism
Political idea that wanted to create equality between classes and orders.
Liberalism
A political idea in which individual freedom is at front and centre.
Nationalism
Love for one's country or people.
Social issues/social question
the problem of bad living and working conditions of the workers during the industrial revolution The labourers issues (=arbeidersvraagstuk).
Mechanisation
Trading in manual labour for mechanical labour.
Urbanisation
A migration process from the country side to cities.
Child labour
Working (in a factory) as a fulltime, payed job by (small) children
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