Chapter 4,5,6 notes

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Phospholipids
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Form the bilayer of the plasma membrane; hydrophilic heads face outward, hydrophobic tails face inward.
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Cholesterol
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Stabilizes membrane fluidity, preventing the membrane from becoming too rigid or permeable.

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32 Terms

1
Phospholipids
Form the bilayer of the plasma membrane; hydrophilic heads face outward, hydrophobic tails face inward.
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2
Cholesterol
Stabilizes membrane fluidity, preventing the membrane from becoming too rigid or permeable.
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3
Glycolipids
Located on the outer surface of the plasma membrane; involved in cell recognition and communication.
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4
Integral Proteins
Span the plasma membrane; act as channels, transporters, or receptors for signaling.
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5
Peripheral Proteins
Loosely attached proteins involved in signaling, enzymatic activity and interactions with the cytoskeleton.
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6
Simple Diffusion
The movement of small, nonpolar molecules (like O2 and CO2) directly through the bilayer without the need for energy.
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7
Facilitated Diffusion
The transport of larger, polar molecules through channel or carrier proteins without energy, following concentration gradients.
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8
Active Transport
The movement of ions or large molecules against their concentration gradient via pumps, requiring ATP.
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9
Endocytosis
The process where the membrane engulfs large particles or liquids to form a vesicle; requires ATP.
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10
Exocytosis
The process in which a vesicle fuses with the membrane to release large molecules; requires ATP.
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11
Osmosis
The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration.
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12
Osmotic Pressure
The pressure exerted by water as it moves through the membrane during osmosis, more solutes lead to higher osmotic pressure.
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13
Tonicity
Describes how a solution's solute concentration compares to that of a cell's interior, influencing osmosis.
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14
Isotonic Solution
A solution with the same solute concentration as the cell, resulting in no net water movement.
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15
Hypotonic Solution
A solution with a lower solute concentration than inside the cell, causing the cell to swell as water enters.
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16
Hypertonic Solution
A solution with a higher solute concentration than inside the cell, causing the cell to shrink as water leaves.
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17
Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)
The electrical charge difference across the cell membrane when the cell is at rest, typically around -70 mV.
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18
Na+/K+ Pump
A pump that actively transports 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell, creating concentration gradients.
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19
Human Cell Organelles
Specialized structures within the cell that perform distinct tasks, such as energy production and protein synthesis.
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20
Epithelial Tissue
Closely packed cells forming sheets that protect, absorb, and secrete; found in skin and digestive lining.
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21
Connective Tissue
Characterized by widely spaced cells surrounded by an abundant extracellular matrix; supports and binds other tissues.
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22
Muscle Tissue
Tissue composed of cells capable of contraction for movement; includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.
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23
Nervous Tissue
Composed of neurons that transmit impulses and supporting cells (neuroglia); found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
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24
Transcription
The process by which RNA polymerase copies DNA into mRNA in the nucleus.
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25
Translation
The process by which mRNA is used to synthesize proteins at the ribosome.
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26
Cell Cycle
Includes interphase (G1, S, G2) and M phase (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase) for cell division.
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27
Mitosis
The M phase of the cell cycle where the cell's chromosomes are divided and separated into two daughter cells.
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28
Melanin
A brown/black pigment that determines skin color and provides protection against UV exposure.
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29
Sebaceous Glands
Glands attached to hair follicles that secrete sebum to lubricate the skin and prevent dryness.
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30
Sweat Glands
Glands that help regulate body temperature and remove waste through sweating.
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31
Nail Structure
Keratinized plates that protect fingertips and aid in fine touch.
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32
Hair Structure
Composed of a keratin shaft, root, follicle, and bulb, serving to protect and regulate temperature.
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