Gases, Liquids, Solids, and Attractive Forces

These flashcards cover essential terms and concepts related to gases, liquids, solids, and the attractive forces affecting their properties.

Kinetic Molecular Theory

A theory that describes the behavior of gases in terms of particles in motion.

Boyle's Law

A gas law stating that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume at constant temperature.

Charles's Law

A gas law stating that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature at constant pressure.

Gay-Lussac's Law

A gas law stating that the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature at constant volume.

Combined Gas Law

An equation combining Boyle's, Charles's, and Gay-Lussac's laws.

Ideal Gas Law

A law that describes the behavior of an ideal gas and relates pressure, volume, temperature, and the number of moles (PV=nRT).

Vapor Pressure

The pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid or solid phase.

Boiling Point

The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the atmospheric pressure.

London Forces

Weak intermolecular forces resulting from temporary dipoles in molecules.

Dipole-Dipole Attraction

Attractive forces between polar molecules based on their dipoles.

Hydrogen Bonding

A strong type of dipole-dipole interaction that occurs when a hydrogen atom is bonded to highly electronegative atoms like N, O, or F.

Ion-Dipole Attraction

The attractive force between an ion and a polar molecule.

Ionic Attraction (Salt Bridge)

The strongest type of attractive force occurring between oppositely charged ions.

Amphipathic Molecule

A molecule containing both hydrophilic (water-attracting) and hydrophobic (water-repelling) parts.

Hydrophilic

Substances that are soluble in water; typically polar compounds.

Hydrophobic

Substances that are not soluble in water; typically nonpolar compounds.

Intermolecular Forces

Forces that occur between molecules, affecting physical properties like boiling/melting points.

Hydration

The process by which water molecules surround and interact with a solute.

Ester Bond

A bond formed between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid, resulting in the formation of an ester.

Triglyceride

A type of lipid consisting of three fatty acid molecules linked to a glycerol molecule.

Phospholipid Bilayer

A double layer of phospholipids forming the structural foundation of cell membranes.

Fluid Mosaic Model

A model describing the cell membrane structure, depicting proteins embedded in a flexible lipid bilayer.

Steroid Nucleus

The four fused carbon rings found in steroid molecules.