fonetyka definicje | Quizlet

active

the type of articulator which moves (as opposed to one which is targeted by the movement) (#3)

advanced

used to describe a consonant whose narrow transcription will include the diacritic [ ̟ ], e.g. [ k̟ ] (#12-13)

affix

a morpheme added before or after the core morpheme of a word, exemplified by the {dis}, {ment}, and {s} parts of the word form "disagreements" (#25)

affricates

complex sounds which can be decomposed into a plosive part and a fricative part, both articulated at the same POA (#4-5)

allophone

related to analysis of speech: a particular phonetic manifestation of a phoneme (with a logical link to it) (#12-13)

allophonic

type of transcription which includes predictable information, usually delimited by a pair of (square) brackets (#12-13)

ambisyllabic

of a consonant: one which can belong to a coda of one syllable and to the onset of the syllable which follows at the same time (#22)

amplitude

the change between peak (highest value) and trough (lowest value, which can be negative) (#11)

antepenult

the last-but-two/third-to-last syllable of the word (#24)

approximants

consonants produced with designated articulators approaching one another without obstructing the airstream strongly enough to cause turbulence (and with the velum raised) (#4-5)

arytenoid

either of a pair of cartilages at the back of the larynx, used in the production of different kinds of voice quality (for example, creaky voice) (#3)

aspirated

used to describe a consonant whose narrow transcription will include the diacritic [ʰ], e.g. [pʰ] (#12-13)

assimilation

any phonemic change in a segment which results in this segment being more similar to another segment that it would be without this change (#16-18)

back

related to vowels: articulated with the back of the tongue being the closest to the roof of the mouth (#8)

bilabial

speech sounds articulated with both lips as the active articulators (#3)

bound

of morphemes: those which only appear as a proper subpart of a word, i.e. they are not words in their own right (#25)

central

related to vowels: articulated with the front and the back of the tongue being equally close or distant to the roof of the mouth (#8)

checked

related to phonological distribution of vowels of English: the class of vowels which only occur in closed syllables (#8)

clicks

speech sounds which use the ingressive lingual or, more specifically, velaric airstream (#3)

clipped

used to describe a vowel whose narrow transcription will include the diacritic [ ̆ ] (for a short vowel or a diphthong) or the symbol [ ˑ ] (for a long monophthong), e.g. [æ̆] [ɑˑ] (#12-13)

closed

related to syllables: ending in at least one consonant (#8)

closed

of a syllable: one which ends in a consonant (#20)

closing

related to diphthongs: one in which the second element is closer (or higher) then the first element (#9)

coalescence

the process in which a pair of different segments becomes a single segment which is different from either of the original segments (#16-18)

coda

the position occupied by (non-syllabic) consonants that follow the nucleus (#20)

complementary

the type of distribution of phones (= not phonemes) in their respective phonetic environments such that one never appears in the same phonetic context as the other (#12-13)

coronal

any speech sound articulated with the tip and/or the blade of the tongue as the active articulator and any passive articulator = not a specific one (#3)

creak

state of the glottis in which the arytenoids are pressed together, but there is a gap between the front portions of the vocal folds which slowly vibrate as the air passes between them; only the front part of the vocal folds vibrates, not the whole vocal folds (#3)

dentalized

used to describe a consonant whose narrow transcription will include the diacritic [ ̪ ], e.g. [n̪] (#12-13)

devoiced

used to describe a consonant whose narrow transcription will include the diacritic [ ̥ ] (or) [ ̊ ], e.g. [d̥] (#12-13)

digraph

a pair of characters used in the orthography of a language to write either a single phoneme (distinct sound), or a sequence of phonemes that does not correspond to the normal values of the two characters combined (#2)

diphthong

a vowel that has two qualities (within a single syllable) or one whose quality changes from one to another during the articulation (#9)

diphthongization

the process in which a vowel classified as a monophthong is actually realized with two qualities in a single syllable; in English this applies to the vowels of FLEECE and GOOSE (#12-13)

distributional

type of variation in which variety A has different restrictions on phoneme X than variety B (but phoneme X is found in both varieties) (#27-28)

ejectives

speech sounds which use the egressive glottalic system (#3)

elision

the process in which a segment is omitted/lost, usually context-dependent (#16-18)

epenthesis

the process in which an extra segment is added between existing segments of a word, especially between a nasal and a fortis fricative (#16-18)

falling

related to diphthongs: one in which the first element is more prominent that the second element (#9)

first

the adjective given to the formant whose value is linked to the height of the tongue, i.e. the openness of the vowel (#11)

formants

the spectral peaks of the sound spectrum; vowels are characterized by three of these (#11)

fortis

related to English obstruents: the voiceless series, made with greater muscular effort and breath-force (#6)

free

related to phonological distribution of vowels of English: the class of vowels which may occur in closed and in open syllables alike (#9)

free

of morphemes: those which are words in their own right (#25)

fricatives

consonants produced with a partial closure in the oral cavity (with the velum raised); the airstream is not stopped, but it travels through a tiny slit (or a number of such slits) (#4-5)

front

related to vowels: articulated with the front of the tongue being the closest to the roof of the mouth (#8)

fundamental

the adjective used to describe the lowest frequency of a periodic waveform (#11)

glottis

the opening between the true vocal cords, located in the larynx; the space between the vocal folds (#3)

grapheme

the smallest unit of a writing system of any given language (#2)

harmonic

a(ny) wave with a frequency that is a positive integer multiple of the frequency of the original wave, i.e. the fundamental frequency (#11)

heavy

of a syllable in English: with a rhyme consisting of a long vowel or of a short vowel and a consonant and whose weight is two morae/moras (#21)

hertz

the unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI) defined as one cycle per second (#11)

iamb

a foot in consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable (#23)

implosives

speech sounds which use the ingressive glottalic airstream (#3)

intrusive

in non-rhotic varieties of English: the adjective used to describe the /r/ - not represented in the spelling - which appears as if out of nowhere at the end of the word or morpheme before a word or morpheme which begins with another vowel, as in vodka(/r/) and tonic (#16-18)

labialized

used to describe a consonant whose narrow transcription will include the diacritic [ʷ], e.g. [jʷ] (#12-13)

labiodental

speech sounds articulated with the lower lip as the active articulator and the upper teeth as the passive articulator (#3)

larynx

an organ of the neck situated just below where the tract of the pharynx splits into the trachea and the oesophagus; commonly called the voice box (#3)

lateral

consonants whose articulation involves the airstream travelling over the sides of the tongue (left and right, that is) while not travelling freely along the central line of the tongue (#4-5)

lenis

related to English obstruents: the voiced series, made with lesser effort and force (#6)

lexical

type of variation in which, for a particular word or set of words, phoneme X is used in variety A and phoneme Y in variety B, and when both phonemes are independently found in both varieties and the difference is not due to any phonological restrictions (#27-28)

liaison

the process in which an extra segment is added between words in a phrase, especially when one word ends in a vowel and the other begins with a vowel (#16-18)

light

of a syllable in English: with a rhyme consisting solely of a short vowel and whose weight is a single mora (#21)

linguistics

the scientific study of language (#1)

logogram

a written character that represents a word or phrase (#2)

minimal

related to phonological analysis: adjective given to a pair of words in a given language whose pronunciation differs by exactly one segment (#12-13)

monophthong

a vowel that has a single quality or one whose quality does not change during the articulation (#9)

monophthongization

the process in which a vowel classified as a diphthong is actually realized with one quality in a single syllable; in English this applies to the GenBrit vowels of NEAR, CURE, and SQUARE (#12-13)

monosyllabic

of a word: containing only one syllable (#20)

morphology

the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language (#1)

nasal

speech sounds articulated with the velum in the lowered position, i.e. with the airstream not flowing exclusively through the oral cavity (#3)

nasalized

used to describe a vowel whose narrow transcription will include the diacritic [ ̃ ], e.g. [eɪ̃] (#12-13)

nasals

consonants produced with an oral closure during which the velum is lowered, so that the airstream is not obstructed there and is free to travel through the nasal cavities (#4-5)

nucleus

the position occupied by the vowel or by the syllabic consonant (but not including any non-syllabic consonant) (#20)

obstruents

consonants that are articulated with the airstream obstructed by the designated articulators (#4-5)

onset

the position occupied by (non-syllabic) consonants that precede the nucleus (#20)

open

related to syllables: ending in a vowel, i.e. not in a consonant (#8)

open

of a syllable: one which does not end in a consonant (#20)

oral

speech sounds articulated with the velum in the raised position, i.e. with the airstream not flowing through the nasal cavity (#3)

orthographic depth

the degree to which a written language deviates from simple one-to-one letter-phoneme correspondence; it depends on how easy it is to predict the pronunciation of a word based on its spelling (#2)

orthography

a set of conventions for writing a language; it includes norms of spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, word breaks, emphasis, and punctuation (#2)

palatal

consonants articulated with the front of the tongue as the active articulator and the hard palate as the passive articulator (#3)

passive

the type of articulator which does not move and which is the target of the movement by the other type of articulator (#3)

penult

the last-but-one/second-to-last syllable of the word (#24)

pharynx

the part of the alimentary canal and respiratory tract that extends from the back of the mouth and nasal cavity to the larynx and oesophagus = the part of the throat behind the mouth and nasal cavity, and above the oesophagus and trachea (#3)

phone

related to analysis of speech: the tiniest speech segment (#12-13)

phoneme

related to analysis of speech: the smallest (abstract) unit capable of carrying meaningful contrast (#12-13)

phonemic

type of transcription which only gives the unpredictable information, usually determined by a pair of forward slashes (#12-13)

phonetics

a branch of linguistics that studies the sounds of human speech (#1)

phonology

the branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in languages (#1)

phonotactics

the branch of phonology which deals with combinations of sounds, more specifically with limitations on what can combine with what and where (#21)

pinch

the phenomenon associated with the velar POA: the coming together of the second and third formants in a formant transition next to a velar consonant (#11)

plosives

consonants that are articulated in three stages: full closure, compression/hold, and release (#4-5)

polysyllabic

of a word: containing two syllables or more (but not specifically two) (#20)

prefix

a morpheme added (specifically) before the core morpheme of a word, exemplified by the {dis} part of the word form "disagreements" but not by the {ment} and {s} parts of it (#25)

progressive

the direction of a process in which a segment which precedes causes the segment which follows to change (#16-18)

realizational

type of variation in which phoneme X has a different phonetic manifestation in variety A than in variety B (but is a phoneme is both varieties) (#27-28)

reciprocal

the direction of a process in which a segment which precedes and the segment which follows influence each other (#16-18)

regressive

the direction of a process in which a segment which follows causes the segment which precedes to change (#16-18)

reinforcement

the process in which a glottal plosive is added before a fortis plosive in the coda without taking place of that plosive (#16-18)

replacement

the process in which a glottal plosive takes place of another fortis plosive in the coda (#16-18)