mechanisms of disease

causes of disease (6)

1. heredity

2. trauma

3. inflammation/infection

4. hyperplasias/neoplasms

5. nutritional imbalance

6. parasites

heredity disease being genetic or chromosomal means

it’s congenital

heredity disorders are also acquired through

pregnancy

3 classificaitons of heredity

• Single gene abnormality

• Abnormality of several genes (polygenic)

• Chromosome abnormality (presence of extra or absence of complete chromosome)

trauma is due to

physical injury

leading cause of death in children and young adults

trauma

main cause of trauma

mvamotor vehicle accidents

trauma emergency management (prevent)

• Shock

• Hemorrhage

• Infection

• additional injury

A, B, C emergency management

Airway, Breathing, Cardiac function

what is inflammation, triggered by, and symptoms

A protective response

• Triggered by any type of injury of irritant

Symptoms:

• Redness

• Heat

• Swelling

• Pain 

• Loss of mobility

infection cause and results

• Invasion of a microorganism

• Results in cellular or tissue damage

tissue inflamed but not infected is a

sunburn

burning of the same area creates

melanoma

when the muscles are damaged, what happens

it scars/tightens up

Hyperplasia

• Overgrowth in response to a stimulus

• Ex. goiter, lipoma

neoplasms

“new growth”, tumors

• benign = lipoma

• malignant = carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma

• metastasis = has spread and gone to liver

all tumors are not

neoplasms

ABCDE moles

A: asymmetrical/symmetrical

B: border

C: color

D: diameter/depth

E: elevation

malnutrition is the

Inadequate nutritional intake or increased poor nutritive value food intake.

what is cachexia

an example of malnutrition, a person who is ill and wasting away

three nutritional intake ways (parenteral) if malnutritionated patient can’t eat

• Intramuscular injection

• Subcutaneous injection

• Intravenous

  • TPN (total parenteral nutrition) 

  • NG tube (naso-gastric tube feeding)

  • Gastrotomy (tube via abdomen into stomach)

three intravenous parenteral intake

• TPN (total parenteral nutrition) 

• NG tube (naso-gastric tube feeding)

• Gastrotomy (tube via abdomen into stomach)

what is kwashiorkor and its symptoms

nutritional issue - more in young children

• large belly

• loss of muscle mass

• change in hair color/texture

• diarrhea

• change in skin pigment/edema/rash

• cant gain weight and grow

• severe infections

• irritability/lethargy/apathy

impaired immunity

body is unable to protect against pathogens

impaired immunity protection is viable due to

• Intact skin

• Mucous membranes

• Tears

• secretions

2 ways immune system protects body

1. inflammation: leukocytes

2. antigen-antibody reaction: body makes antibodies to invasive antigens

allergen

environmental substance that stimulates a hypersensitive immune response, also an antigen

allergens produces an increase in

eosinophils and IgE

issue of IgE

• binds to mast cells (which are notorious of histamine release). Creates nonstop of production of histamine

Main culprits in patients with IBS

eosinophils, because of inflammatory response the body feels like histamine is beneficial to body

Mast cells is, found in, and release

• a cell filled with basophil granules (there is heparin and histamine in this cell)

• found in connective tissue 

• release histamine during inflammatory and allergic reactions.

lymphocytes autoimmunity

all about viruses and tissue attacking itself

lymphocytes autoimmunity cannot and results in

• Cannot distinguish natural antigens

• result: produces antibodies that attack body’s own cells.

autoimmune disorders that causes antibodies to attack body’s own cells (4)

• Rheumatoid arthritis

• Rheumatic fever

• Systemic Lupus Erythromatosis (sLE).

• Antiphospholipid Syndrome

what is anti-phospholipid syndrome

• an aquired autoimmune disorder

• manifests cilinically as recurrent venous, arterial thrombosis and/or fetal loss

Characteristic laboratory abnormalities in APS include

persistent elevated levels of antibodies directed against membrane anionic (negative charge) phospholipids.

issue with APS (antiphospholipid syndrome)

so many characteristics of symptomatology, difficult to pin down.

• produces blood clots, venous stasis ulcers (like bed sores but on calves).

APS antibodies are present in _ to _ percent of all cases of __

15-20, deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

antiphospholipid antibodies are present in __ of new strokes occuring in people under the age of __, mainly women _:_

1/3, under age of 50, mainly women 5:1

rheumatoid arthirtis affects which joints

wrists, ankles, tarsals, elbows

osteoarthritis affects what joints

shoulders, hips, knees, dip/pip/ip joints

sLE butterfly rash

(systemic lupus erythromatosis) If patient gets to this point, it’s bad. Could mean joint, kidney, organs are attacked.

rheumatic fever happens if patient

1. didnt finish medication

2. didnt get it checked out

rheumatic fever symptoms

1. valvulitis, pericarditis, myocarditis

2. arthritis

3. aschoff nodules and subcutaneous nodules

4. sydenham’s chorea or st. vitus’s dance (twitching of foot)

5. sterile vegetations/fever: yeast like infection on skin

rheumatic fever rbc

organisms will destory rbc for nutrition

what muscle does strep like

cardiac muscle

immunodeficiency

• asymptomatic which eventually experience recurrent infections

immunodeficiency reccurent infections lead to

death (AIDS)

immunodeficiency can be medicinally induced by

• Following organ transplant to prevent rejection

• Reduce their immunity

• Rh incompatibility

cellular adaptations

cellular changes due to exposure to certain conditions

disorders of cellular changes can be permanent (5)

• Atrophy

• Hypertrophy

• Hyperplasia

• Dysplasia

• Metaplasia

atrophy is and due to

• Decrease in size/breaks down and goes away

• Due to aging, disease, or casts

  • Menopause

    • Breasts

    • Reproductive organs

hypertrophy is the

increase in cell size and workload

• skeletal and cardiac due to exercises + increase of mitochondria

• left ventricle due to diseased vasculature

• hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) - pt drops dead quickly

HCM affects one out of every ___ people

500

HCM (Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) is more common cause of

sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) in young people, athletes

HCM occurs if

if heart muscle cells enlarge and cause the walls of the ventricles (left ventricle) to thicken. the ventricle size often remains normal bc it grows inwards.

hyperplasia

Hormone generating cells increasing in number

dyplasia

• Usually follows hyperplasia and proceeds after neoplasia

• Change in cell size, shape & organization

• most common in smokers

metaplasia

• cell changes to another cell type

• d/t smoking

  • respiratory columnar cells change to stratified squamous epithelial cells

  • leads to damaged skin tissues —> infection or gangrene

buerger’s disease (thromboangiitis obliterans)

disease of the arteries and veins in the arms and legs.

• vessels become inflamed, swell and can become blocked with blood clots

• damages tissues that can lead to infection, gangrene

• shows in your hands and feet, eventually affect arms and legs

cell and tissue death disorders (7)

1. ischemia

2. necrosis

3. infarct

4. saprophytic

5. wet gangrene

6. dry gangrene

7. gas gangrene

ischemia

• cell death d/t reduced blood flow.

necrosis, main cause, and due to

cell death

• main cause is coagulation necrosis (blood clots)

• due to cellular anoxia (no oxygen getting to cells) —> can leads to myocardial infarction

infarct

• ischemia caused necrosis, tissue is dying bc reduction of blood flow

saprophytic

• dead tissue-loving bacteria

  • Can become involved in necrotic tissue (Gangrene)

wet gangrene

• necrosis d/t sudden blood stoppage

• Ex. Burning, freezing, embolism (blood clot that has moved)

dry gangrene

• Slowed blood flow over a long time period before necrosis

• Tissue become black, shriveled/mummified

• Feet & toes

• Ex. Arteriosclerosis, diabetes

gas gangrene

• Dirty, infected wounds

• Anaerobic bacteria produces toxic gas

• Fatal type of gangrene