ANSC 1401 BEEF CATTLE

beef

the meat from cattle other than veal and calves

veal

the meat from veal calves

calf

the meat from calves

bull

a sexually mature, unmastered, bovine male

cow

a sexually mature, bovine female

first calf

a term commonly used to indicate the first calf born to bovine females (most are at risk)

freemartin

a sterile heifer born twin to a bull calf (rare); about 90% will not conceive

heifer

a young female bovine before the time that she has produced her first calf

heiferette

female between 2 and 3 years of age that has calved once

steer

a male bovine castrated before reaching puberty

feeder cattle

bovine to be placed in a feedlot and fed a high concentrate diet

slaughter cattle

bovine to ready for slaughter to obtain meat and by-products (stockers become feeders and feeders become slaughter cattle)

herefords and shorthorns

who were the primary breeds until angus cattle?

Angus

BRITISH cattle breed:

-from Scotland

-good milkers and mothers

-certified Angus Beef program

-carcass

-increasing numbers

Black Baldies

BRITISH cattle breed:

-not registered as Black Angus

-facial color of Hereford is dominant

-black gene is dominant

-Hereford x Angus

-make excellent commercial female

-CAB program: 51% Angus genetics, black hair coat, no "ear, Average Choice

Red Angus

BRITISH cattle breed:

-red colored gene is recessive

-red hair coat does increase their heat tolerance

-fastest growing breed; breeds true

-more efficient

-good marbling

Hereford

BRITISH cattle breed:

-developed in Hereford Shire

-horned or polled (no dehorning needed)

-distinctive color pattern

-"red neck";"cattle that won the west"

-lack of dark pigmentation around their eyes making them prone to pinkeye and cancer eye diseases

-low milk, rugged, fertile

-top 2 of British breeds

-fat stores are used to survive hard times such as droughts and sunburn

Shorthorn

BRITISH cattle breed:

-developed in Scotland and Britain, England

-shorter-horned than other cattle of the time

-red, white (not most popular) or roan

-horned or polled

-"white heifer disease"

-herdbook was opened to Milking Shorthorn cattle: to try to improve carcass composition and milking ability

-era of fat cattle

-considered 4th popularity/important British breed

Galloway

BRITISH cattle breed:

-from Northern Scotland, cold and damp

-black or dun, polled with white belted around their bellies

-shaggy coats

-very moderately sized breed

-minor British breed

Continental (European) breed

-imported from the continent of Europe

-called "Exotics"

-selected for work, meat and milk

-tend to be larger framed, heavier muscled, faster growing, less marbling

-cows tend to be poor mothers and less fertile than British breeds

-low fat can beg detriment to survival

Charolais

Continental (EUROPEAN) cattle breed:

-from France

-Amour de Amérique (to yellow)

-white, most are horned

-excellent growth rate, muscular carcasses

-poorly-attached udders, low milk production, (dystocia), low fertility

-terminal sire to cross on an Angus cow base creating a "smoky" calf

Simmental

Continental (EUROPEAN) cattle breed:

-from Switzerland

-red with white marks, no particular pattern

-polled or horned

-large framed, muscular, more fertile, heaviest milking of Continental breeds

-may not have a calf each year

Limousin

Continental (EUROPEAN) cattle breed:

-from France

-reddish gold in color

-more moderately sized (smaller) than Charolais, very lean, muscular

-horned or polled

-similar to Charolais in carcass traits

-mean, "bad" bull

Chianina

Continental (EUROPEAN) cattle breed:

-from Italy

-white hair coat with black skin pigmentation; black is the most common color

-extremely large framed, horned or polled, tallest

-too heavy for today's beef industry

-poor mothers

Maine Anjou

Continental (EUROPEAN) cattle breed:

-from France

-red in color with white; black is the most common color

-largest continental breed

-lean, poor udders, low fertility, grow fast, good as sire for cross-breeds

Gelbvieh

Continental (EUROPEAN) cattle breed:

-from Germany and Austria

-golden red colored breed, also black colored

-dual purpose

-moderately sized, excellent fertility, milk production

-muscular

Braunvieh

Continental (EUROPEAN) cattle breed:

-from Switzerland

-grey in color with a light border

-Beef Brown Swiss

-may have large impact on U.S. beef production in future

Pinzgauer

Continental (EUROPEAN) cattle breed:

-from Austria, Germany

-dark red (chestnut) to dull black with a white dorsal stripe and underline

-medium to large

-carcass= ok

Tarentaise

Continental (EUROPEAN) cattle breed:

-from France

-wheat-colored

-may be too fat and thin muscled

-good on first-calf heifers

-good elevation

-minor breed= least production

Salers

Continental (EUROPEAN) cattle breed:

-from France

-not heat tolerant

-dark red to black

-horned/polled, long hair

-light birthweight

-done least in U.S.

Belgian Blue (and Belgian White)

Contiental (EUROPEAN) cattle breed:

-from Belgium

-blue-gray or black and white; about 3/100 are white

-double muscling gene

-much ground beef production

-not practice for U.S. beef production systems

Brahman

American cattle breed:

-4 Indian breeds

-gray and red strains, horned

-used extensively in crossbreeding

-"ears" hump, extra "leather" in Dewlap and Sheath (contain penis) problems

-cow= best use in the cross-bred

Santa Gertudis

American cattle breed:

-developed at the King Ranch, Kingsville TX

-5/8 Shorthorn, 3/8 Brahman

-"gerts"

-red and horned/polled

-growth, low quality grade

-in 1990, the King Dance created Santa Cruz (5/16 Shorthorn, 3/16 Brahman, 1/4 Red Angus and 1/4 Gelbvieh)= red, better carcass

Brangus

American cattle breed:

-5/8 Angus and 3/8 Brahman

-red or black and polled

-extra loose skin-dewlap and sheath

-modified hump

-Brangus pair= one of the better composite

Braford

American cattle breed:

-3/8 Brahman and 5/8 Hereford

-maternal ability

-markings

Beefmaster

American cattle breed:

-developed by Tom Lasater

-not any set color pattern (any color)

-breed based Hereford, Shorthorn and Brahman or Brown Swiss

-rapid growth, size, carcass issues

Charbray

-white, horned

-5/8-13/16 or 3/8-3/16 Brahman

-better carcasses than Brahman

Simbrah

5/8 Simmental and 3/8 Brahman

-colored more like the Simmental

-milking ability

Brahmousin

-cross between Limousine x Brahman

-thick muscling, carcass

Texas Longhorn

Speciality cattle breed:

-Spanish descent= descended from cattle brought to America

-colors vary

-long horns

-hardiness, light muscling

Miniature Hereford

Speciality cattle breed:

-red neck, red legged bull

-pet cattle

-less cancer-eye and sunburn udders

Scotch Highland

Speciality cattle breed:

-Summer hair coat

-longer horns

-shaggy/rugged

Waygu

Speciality cattle breed:

-Japan breed

-marbling= high

-poor efficiency, slow growth rate

Japan

where is more beef exported from?