Unit 6 Industrial Revolution and Reactions

Robert Peel and George Canning

Two Conservative (tory) British Prime Ministers who advocated free trade as the most important political issue in England. They repealed the Test Act and banned capital punishment for all but 100 offenses. Also Peel created the first professional police force, the bobbies, who deter violent crime using night sticks. Also continued the corn laws which is awful for the poor as it maintained artificially high price for grain

1832 Reform Bill

This allows some members of the upper middle class to vote by lowering the property right requirement to vote. Also restructures Parliament seats and gets rid of some "rotten boroughs." The king threatened to raise more peers to the House of Lords because they would not pass the bill.

Chartism

A Political reform movement, that favored universal man sufferage and secret ballots

1842 Mine Act

No pregnant women or child can work in the mine

Ten hours Act

restricts the working hours of women and children in British factories to effectively 10 hours per day.

1833 Factory Act

Children under 9 could not work in textile mills.

Irish Potato Famine

Because of the corn laws, the Irish can only afford to farm potatoes which causes Ireland's population to double so that 1/3 of the population is dependent on the potato by 1841. However, a potato blight soon comes that can wipe out an entire crop in 48 hours. This leads to the starvation of around one million people. The Irish government begs the British government to repeal the corn laws so the people can afford to eat. Millions of Irish immigrate to the US however they are faced with oppression and violence

Thomas Malthus

His Essay on Population states that there are too many people and not enough food so population will soon outstrip food supply. He proposes that the poor are the biggest problem so it is acceptable for disease and poverty to run rampant in the poor in order to manage the population. He says that the poor do not understand sex which is why they have more kids than the aristos (false). Aristos hate Malthus but the working class loves his idea because they believe they had to work for their money and they use his ideas as a justification for their poor treatment of the poor.

David Ricardo

A wealthy individual who proposes The Law of the Iron Wage which says that it is good for a business to pay its employees as little as possible (Market wage instead of Natural Wage) because it decreases the population of the poor

John Stuart Mill

Proposes woman's right to vote and paying women an equal wage. Also proposes inheritance tax in order to equal the playing field.

Louis Blanc

Frenchman who is considered the father of socialism. He advocates for governmental control of public commodities (such as mines, water, transportation, and police). If it is for the public it should be run by the government

Karl Marx and Engel

Join together to write the "Communist Manifesto" This says that capitalism cannot sustain itself. Also says that there will be a workers revolution in Europe due to their bad conditions. Also says that religion is worse than capitalism as it is oppressive and enforces bad relationships

Congress of Vienna

Following Napoleon's exile, this meeting of European rulers in Austria established a system by which the balance of power would be maintained, liberal revolutions would be repressed, as would imperial expansion, and the creation of new countries in Europe.

Principle of Legitimacy

This is a goal of the Congress of Vienna

Monarchs from the royal families who had rules before Napoleon would be restored to their positions of power in order to keep peace and stability in Europe. Because of this, most nations in France go back to their pre-napolean leaders such as the Bourbon Family

Principle of Compensation

This is a goal of the Congress of Vienna

Those who won the Napoleonic Wars should receive a reward in land

Because of this many of the winning countries win land. For example, Russia wins Finland

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country. The goal of the Congress of Vienna is to surpress this because it destroys nations due to the huge number of subsets of people in European countries

Liberalism

Loves the free market with little tax revenue. In favor of a constitutional government in order to protect their wealth. They believe in laissez faire economics and Malthusian theory

Conservatism

those who went to the Congress of Vienna were politically inclined this way. The believed in a traditional monarchy with a national church and an economy controlled by the nobility. They hate nationalism and liberalism.

Concert of Europe

This term is used to refer to the Congress of Vienna because it created peace for 100 years and had no punishment on the French which helped decrease tension

Romanticism

Focus on the unseen supernatural and human emotion. Embracing folklore and a separation from sciences. It is the cultural foundation for Nationalism

Grimm Brothers

collected and published local German fairy tales, work is example of Romantic German nationalism. Considered ultimate nationalistic writings because they remove all non-german fairy tales

Beethoven

French, purely Romantic composer, transformed the art of music. Used music to convey his feelings of what was going on in the world around him, such as the many French revolutions of that time

Delacroix

Lady Liberty Leading Her People, focus on the common man, very dramatic and emotional

Volksgeist

Developed by Herder. The idea that each nation contains a similar cultural spirit

Hegel

German Intellectual. Suggests that opinions can blend together to create an idealistic view on politics. Nationalism depends on people coming together to synthesize ideology

German Confederation

Consisted of 38 sovereign states recognized by the Vienna settlement, and was dominated by Austria and Prussia, the confederation had little power and needed the consent of all 38 states to take action.

bourgeoisie

usually owned land or factories

proletariats

wage earners.

Men &Women (roles)

Because it was determined that woman should stay at home because they needed to take care of children (children not on a schedule like factories) they became the homemakers. Men became the wage earners. Woman were supposed to be supportive and make a happy home for the husband to come home to while the husband was supposed to be strong. Because the woman now had to reply on the support of the man, people started marrying for love rather than purely economic reason like before.

Metternich

Highly conservative, started Concert of Europe. fought against nationalism, liberalism, and the unification of Germany . Ended by the Revolutions of 1848.

Rotten Boroughs

Boroughs that are nonexistent but still get representation in Parliament.

House of Lords

the upper house of the British parliament consisting of the aristocracy. They can veto legislation

Corn Law

The Corn laws stopped foreign imports of corn which increased the price of British corn. This affected the poor massively because they had to pay much more.

Mary Shelley

(Frankenstein) Very popular, uses romantic and Christian themes

Romantic Architecture

British Parliament Building. Gothic and Mysterious. Obsession with the middle ages

Decembrist Revolt

The 1825 plot by liberals (upper-class intelligentsia) in Russia to set up a constitutional monarchy or a republic. The plot failed, but the ideals remained

July Revolution

the Revolution of 1830) saw the overthrow of Charles X by radical liberal bourgousie and the ascension of Louis-Philippe to the French throne.

Carlsbad Decrees

Repressive laws in the German States limiting freedom of speech and dissemination of liberal ideas in the universities

quadruple alliance

Organization, made up of Austria, Britain, Prussia, and Russia, to preserve the peace settlement of 1815; France joined in 1818

tariffs

Taxes on imported goods

Laissez-Faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

Popular Sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.

Universal Male Suffrage

The right of all males to vote in elections

Edmund Burke

(1729-1797) Member of British Parliament and author of Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), which criticized the underlying principles of the French Revolution and argued conservative thought.

Jethro Tull

-invented the seed drill (technology that allowed seeds to be planted row by row by machine)-1674-1741-seed drill was important in making farming more efficient, decreased need for human labor, good for cultivation, helped spur the agricultural revolution

John Kay

-British, invented the flying shuttle which is a machine that sews/weaves cloth faster. invented in 1733-the flying shuttle was a great improvement in fabric production, and decreased the need for human labor

Adam Smith

-"father of capitalism". went against mercantilist beliefs and talked about competition in economy, this capitalist form of economy soon swept across Europe-"Invisible Hand"- Free Market Capitalism with no government intervention or Les Affaires. Wealth of Nations

James Hargreaves

-invented the "spinning jenny" which is kinda like its name because it was a spinning machine that produced yarn. invented in 1764-1765 -the spinning jenny allowed for the production of yarn to occur a lot faster, which decreased the need for manual labor and directly correlated with an improvement in the textile industry

Richard Arkwright

-British: invented the water frame and it basically was an addition to the spinning jenny that improved -allowed the jenny to spin longer and thinner yarn than before, continued to revolutionize textile industry

James Watt

-Scottish: he invented the steam engine in the 1760s. Really perfected and improved a steam water pump -this engine was more efficient and was frankly less dangerous then the prototypes. Moves goods faster and cheaper than Canal System

Edmund Cartwright

• British: invented the "power loom" or the waterpower loom. it used watt's technology by using steam power-1743-1823- It was efficient and required less manpower so it was used in many factories beginning of the Second or Heavy Industrial Revolution.

Thomas Malthus

-philosopher that was afraid that even if food production increased, the population would increase even more leaving famine conditions. -the only answer was to increase the quality of life for all. and his ideas later influenced Darwin's evolution theories

David Ricardo

-British economist, wrote a book called the principles of political economy in 1817, introduced and supported the idea of a comparative advantage and "the iron law of wages" -It stated if you raise the minimum wage, the prices would also increase causing the poor to remain poor.

Luddites

-radicals from Northern Europe during the industrial revolution that believed that machines were taking away their jobs. they attacked factories and destroyed machines. Anti-technology

Charles Townshend

• crop rotation, where you rotated crops each growing season to keep the land fertile -important because it allowed farmers to avoid taking years off to allow soil to become good again, using different crops made it so that all the land could always be productive

Robert Bakewell

• created the idea of scientific breeding, bred animals to make bigger/better/faster/stronger ones, especially ones that could be used for labor

McCormick

-Invented the McCormick Reaper - American - 1831- Allowed farmers to cut crops faster and harvest bigger farms.

Benjamin Disraeli

• Conservative Prime Minister of britain, - helped to expand voting privileges,- liked the idea of free market trade,- extended voting rights to working class males

William Gladstone

• A very liberal political figure, who had conflicts with Benjamin Disraeli. British Prime Minister. Time: 1809 - 1898 Created the Education Act (1870), Reform Act, and Ballot Act. The Education Act supported better education for students aged 5 - 12.

Henry Bessemer

• developed a process to change iron to steel 1813-1898. steel was a commonly used product and by creating a process to make more steel it made him extremely popular, his method was also extremely efficient

Agricultural Revolution

-new crops-new diet staples feed more people per acre-surplus sold for profit-new farming techniques: specialization, cash crops freed up land and labor, growth of industry

Enclosure Movement

-These were laws passed by Parliament in the 1700s which made land owners fence off common lands. This forced many peasants to move to towns, creating a labor supply for factories.

Cottage Industry

-industry where the production is done in the home, a small business where the goods are handmade and usually run by families. 1700s-the agricultural revolution decreased the demand for these, because new technologies began to take the place of these cottages and it changed many peoples' lives

Putting-Out-System

-The system used to organize the Cottage industry.-1700s-late 1700s-Two parts were the merchant capitalists and the rural workers; the put out was the product the rural workers create using the merchants materials (kept Guilds Away!)

Guild System

-A group of master craftsmen that would be in charge of a monopoly given by the state in order to provide goods to the market. 18th century. This was a trade based association that could hire specific people and would work on providing goods to their market.

The Industrial Revolution

• Economies turned from handicraft centered economies into economies distinguished by industry and machine manufacture because of technological developments that made it possible to produce goods by machines rather than by hand and that harnessed inanimate sources of energy such as coal and petroleum

Spinning Jenny

An invention made by James Hargreaves. 1764. It allowed multiple threads to be spun at one time

Water Frame

A spinning machine invented by Richard Arkwright. 1771. It used hundreds of spindles and used water power which led to making the cotton mill

Steam Engine

…Engines powered by steam first appear in 1700's. Primarily used to pump water from mines & extract coal from ground James Watt pioneers new design 1760's new model is more efficient builds rotary engine which enabled factories to be sited away from rivers, and further accelerated the pace of the Industrial Revolution.

Ricardo's iron law of wages

…1800. attempts to raise wages for families. significance: the goal of this was to get more kids to work in the factories; more money meant less deaths and more future workers in the factories

Factory Act of 1833

…English law, limited the hours of child labor, and had children under 9 go to school. this was an improvement because many children worked for extremely long hours, the same as adults, and it was very bad for their health and well-being so it was a step towards reform.

Capitalism

…an economic system in which investment in and ownership of are the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth. is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, especially as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.

Sadler Report

…Report written by Michael Sadler that highlighted the working conditions of the labor classes. 1832. Resulted in extensive labor law initiative.

Open-Field System

…A system of farming in which a large plot of land was divided into several plots of land and then farmed by the community. 17th century was not good for the soil and land but good for peasants because they could glean and had the fallow in which they could hunt, fish and keep their animals

Crystal Palace

…1851 Great Exhibition. a masterpiece in architecture made out of glass and iron. hosted the Great Exhibition which was an extremely famous fair for industrial discoveries, in London, showed Britain as a workshop of the world.

Mines Act of 1842

…-Act made by parliament of the UK regarding coal mines. -Disallowed women and children under 10 years old to work in the mines, many single women protested because they needed work, created a law.