AP HUG UNIT 7 VOCAB

Agglomeration

When businesses or industries group together in one place to help each other grow.

Asian Tigers

Four countries (South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong) that grew super fast by focusing on exports and technology.

Climate Change

The Earth getting warmer due to pollution, affecting weather and the environment.

Colonialism

When powerful countries took over weaker ones to use their land and resources.

Comparative Advantage

When a country is better at making a product than others, so they focus on making and selling it.

Complementarity

When two places need each other’s products, so they trade.

Deindustrialization

When factories shut down or move, usually to cheaper places, causing job losses.

Dependency Model

The idea that poor countries stay poor because they rely too much on rich countries.

Diffusion

How ideas, goods, or technology spread from one place to another.

Economic Sectors

Different types of jobs in an economy: Primary (farming, mining), Secondary (making products), Tertiary (services like teaching, healthcare).

Ecotourism

Tourism focused on nature and protecting the environment.

Empowerment

Giving people (especially women or disadvantaged groups) more power and opportunities.

Environmental Degradation

When the environment gets damaged by pollution, deforestation, or overuse.

Export Processing Zone

Special areas in a country where businesses get tax breaks to make products for export.

Free Trade Zones

Places where businesses can trade goods without taxes.

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

A measure of how equally men and women are treated in different countries.

Globalization

How the world is becoming more connected through trade, technology, and culture.

Global Financial Crisis

A big economic crash that affects many countries, like the 2008 recession.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The total value of everything a country makes in a year.

Gross National Income (GNI)

Like GDP but also includes money made from overseas.

Growth Poles

Areas where businesses grow fast, bringing jobs and development.

Interdependence

When countries depend on each other for trade, jobs, and resources.

Microloans

Small loans given to poor people (especially women) to start businesses.

Multiplier Effect

When one new job or business creates even more jobs in an area.

NAFTA

A trade agreement between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico (now replaced by USMCA).

Neo-Colonialism

When rich countries still control poor countries through business and economics instead of military force.

Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs)

Countries that are moving from farming-based economies to modern industries (like China, Mexico, and Brazil).

Outsourcing

When companies send jobs to other countries where labor is cheaper.

Special Economic Zones (SEZs)

Areas in a country where businesses get tax breaks and fewer rules to attract investment.

Trading Bloc

A group of countries that make trade easier between them, like the European Union.

UN Sustainable Development Goals

A set of global goals to help end poverty, improve health, and protect the planet.

World System Theory

The idea that the world is divided into rich countries (core), middle-income countries (semi-periphery), and poor countries (periphery), and they all affect each other.