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taxonomy
the naming and classification of organisms
Domain (Eu)Bacteria
These "true bacteria" are microscopic, usually single-celled organisms
prokaryotic
have no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
peptidoglycan
what the cell wall of bacteria are made out of
biofilm
individual bacteria come together on a surface, such as the surface of your teeth (dental plaque)
mixotrophs
when an organisms is heterotrophic and autotrophic
Domain Archaea
derived from the Greek word archaios, meaning “ancient” or “primitive”
extremophiles
abundant presence in nature, particularly in places most other living cells could not survive
Halophiles
require high concentrations of salt for survival
Thermophiles
normally grow in extremely hot environments
Psychrophiles
type of microorganism that survive in extremely cold temperatures
Acidophiles
organisms that can thrive in environments of high acidity, at a pH of 2.0 or below
Methanogens
do not live in methane-rich environments, but rather, produce methane as a metabolic byproduct of anaerobic respiration in hypoxic or anoxic conditions. They are common in wetlands and swamps, where they are responsible for marsh/swamp gas; and in the digestive tracts of animals, such as ruminants (and humans!), where they are responsible for the methane content of belching and flatulence.
Kingdom Fungi
contains eukaryotic organisms once considered plants because they have cell walls and produce spores, but they are now separated from plants because 1) they are heterotrophs and 2) their cell walls are different from those of plants in that the primary component of the wall is usually chitin
Kingdom Animalia
contains eukaryotic, multicellular, and primarily heterotrophic organisms. They are usually motile and lack the rigid cell walls characteristic of many other eukaryotes. With the exception of sponges, animal cells are organized into tissue layers.
scientific name
most often used when referring to a species. It consists of the genus and specific epithet
cladistics
organisms are grouped according to shared features
derived features
a trait that evolved in the most recent common ancestor
cytosol
jelly-like fluid
nucleoid region
where DNA in bacteria is located
bacteria cell wall
surrounds the plasma membrane
Fimbriae
bristle-like, short fibers. They are responsible for cell-to-surface attachment.
Pili
are long, tubular, hair-like structures, and may be used for attachment but are also used to transfer genes, in the form of a plasmid, from one bacteria to another
flagella
for locomotion
capsules
outside the cell wall that help to protect the bacteria
endospores
contains a copy of the genetic material encased by a heavy protective coat and can survive unfavorable conditions
cyanobacteria
photosynthetic and are able to produce oxygen for the environment
colony morphology
vast differences in the characteristic shape, size, color, surface appearance, and texture of bacteria
Superbugs
bacteria that are resistant to common antibiotics
cocci
Spherical bacteria
bacilli
Rod-like bacteria
spirilla
Spiral-shaped bacteria
Gram-positive bacteria
peptidoglycan is found in a thick layer surrounding the outside of the cell and retains the crystal violet used in a Gram stain
Gram-negative bacteria
have a thinner layer of peptidoglycan sandwiched between the plasma membrane and an additional outer membrane layer and show a reddish-pink color when stained with safranin
lipopolysaccharides
what Gram negative bacteria can also be recognized by
Gram Stain steps
Apply crystal violet
Apply Gram's iodine
Apply an alcohol
Apply safranin
nodule
where nitrogen fixation takes place
lichens
complex symbiotic "organisms"
heterocysts
thicker, larger cells on Nostoc
pathogen
any substance that may cause disease
Direct contact
direct exposure to pathogen through exchange of body fluids or contact with an open sore
ndirect contact
exposure to pathogen that has been left by an infected person; examples include developing dysentery after drinking water contaminated by feces or catching a cold caused by a rhinovirus left on a doorknob by someone’s hand
Inhaling airborne pathogens
exposure to pathogens expelled from an infected person’s body by coughing or sneezing
Biological vectors
pathogen is introduced into the body by another animal
epidemic
when a disease appears in a population at a greater than expected rate of infection.
pandemic
When an epidemic spreads around the world
Epidemiology
the study of factors affecting public health. Epidemiologists study the rate of infection, distribution, and transmission of diseases in a population
plankton
the collective term for the tiny drifting and swimming organisms in lakes and seas
phytoplankton
all the aquatic photosynthetic microorganism
zooplankton
includes the aquatic heterotrophic microorganisms