Anatomy Unit 4 with histology

"(H)" indicates histology question

Respiratory area of nose (H)

Pseudostratified columnar

Nasopharynx (H)

Pseudostratified ciliated

Oropharynx (H)

Stratified squamous

Trachea (H)

Pseudostratified columnar

Alveolar cells (H)

Simple squamous

Terminal brochnioles (H)

Simple squamous

3 Layers of GI mucosa

epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

Pulmonary respiration

Exchange between lungs and environment

External respiration

Exchange between lungs and blood

Internal respiration

Exchange between blood and cells

Parietal pleura

Lines walls

Visceral pleura

Lines organs

How many lobes does the right lung have?

3

How many lobes does the left lung have?

2

Lobules (H)

Elastic connective tissue

Lamina propria (H)

Areolar connective tissue

Submucosa (H)

Dense connective tissue

Myenteric plexus

Autonomic nerve fibers that control GI motility

Peritoneum (H)

Simple squamous and connective tissue

Mesenteries

Extension of peritoneum that attaches GI organs to abdominal wall

Deciduous teeth

Baby teeth, 20

Esophagus (H)

Non-keratinized stratified squamous

4 Areas of the stomach

Cardia, fundus, body, pylorus

Chief cells

Secrete pepsinogen (activated to become pepsin)

Parietal cells

Secrete HCl

Mucous/Goblet cells

Secrete mucus (protects GI lining from acid/enzyme damage)

Enteroendocrine cells

Secrete gastrin to regulate the secretion of gastric juices

Sections of the small intestine

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Segmentation

Mixing of chyme in the small intestine, brings chyme into contact with mucosa

Peristalsis

Movement of chyme through the intestines via wave-like muscle contractions

GALT

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue

Vermiform appendix

Small organ at junction of small and large intestine with an immune role (GALT)

Large intestine (H)

Columnar cells, goblet cells

Hemorrhoids

Varicose rectal veins

Islets of Langerhans

Endocrine cells in the pancreas, secrete insulin and glucagon

3 layers of the kidney

Fibrous capsule, middle adipose capsule, outer renal fascia

How many nephrons are in one kidney?

1,000,000

Renal corpuscle

Renal tubule and glomerus with knot of capillaries

Endothelial-capsular membrane

Found within the renal corpuscle, major site of blood filtration

Glomerular endothelium

Membrane with pores for blood cells to travel through, contains fenestrated capillaries

Glomerular basement membrane

Filters out proteins by restricting their passage

Renal corpuscle epithelium

Podocytes (filter cells) with pedicels (create a filtration slit) covering basement membrane

Filtration slits

Between interlocking pedicels, help restrict movement of small proteins

Bladder (H)

Transitional epithelium with rugae

Neurohypophysis

Posterior pituitary, releases regulating hormones

Adenohypophysis

Anterior pituitary, secretes 7 hormones

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Stimulates adrenal glands

Prolactin

Stimulates milk production

Follicle-stimulating hormone

Regulates the production of eggs and sperm

Luteinizing hormone

Stimulates sexual activities

What connects the lobes of the thyroid gland?

Isthmus

Parafollicular cells

Initiate calcitonin production, which regulates osteoclast activity

Hyposecretion

Causes dwarfism, mental development issues, lethargy

Hypersecretion

Goiters (gland enlargement), edema in the eyes, high metabolism

Cortex of adrenal gland

Produces aldosterone (salt water balance), cortisones (reduces inflammation), sex hormones

Medulla of adrenal gland

Chromaffin cells produce epinephrine and norepinephrine

Alpha secretory cells in pancreas

Make glucagon (raises blood sugar)

Beta secretory cells in pancreas

Make insulin (lowers blood sugar)

Delta secretory cells in pancreas

Make somatostatin to regulate alpha and beta secretion

F cells in pacreas

Make pancreatic polypeptide to regulate the release of pancreatic digestive enzymes