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Which lipoprotein transports dietary fat to the cells in your body?
chylomicrons
Which lipoprotein carries cholesterol to the cells in your body, but can get stuck in arteries while traveling in the blood, depositing cholesterol that eventually leads to plaque formation?
LDL
Which lipoprotein picks up cholesterol from your arteries and other places in the body and returns in back to the liver for further metabolism?
HDL
The largest lipoprotein that is mostly made of fat and the video compares to a bus is called
chylomicrons
Essential fatty acid found in fish
(Omega 3) Linolenic
When you have a negative nitrogen balance, where does your body take from when low on protein?
Muscles (break down less vital proteins such as blood, skin, and muscles)
When sugars or carbs enter the small intestine, what level of organization are they?
Disaccharides (Fiber, starch, disaccharides, monosaccarides enter stomach and pass into small intestine)
What is the job of bile?
Bile emulsifies fat (Produced in liver and concentrated/stored/released in gallbladder)
What type of diabetes produces no insulin?
Type 1
Which fat is 95% of the fat we eat?
Triglycerides (mostly made of chylomicrons-big buses)
What enzyme does the pancreas secrete for fat digestion?
Lipase
Where are chylomicrons synthesized?
Small intestine
Which cholesterol is referred to as the garbage man?
HDL (picks up cholesterol from body cells and brings to liver for disposal)
What is the smallest level of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides (one)
What type of diabetes is insulin resistant?
Type 2
Essential fatty acids in plants? (Omega 6)
Linoleic
Which polysaccharide is the plant storage form of glucose?
Starch (Animal is glycogen)
What is a precursor to vitamin D?
Cholesterol
In the liver, all monosaccharides are turned into what?
Glucose (Glycogen storage in the liver)
Where is bile stored?
Galbladder
What does protein contain that makes it different from carbs and fat?
Nitrogen
What type of bond links amino acids?
Peptide bond
A string of about ... to ... amino acids is a polypeptide?
10 to 50
What is the AMDR for protein?
10-35%
What is protein turnover?
the continuous breakdown and synthesis of body proteins involving the recycling of amino acids
Where are chylomicrons synthesized?
small intestine
When you have negative nitrogen balance, where does the body take from?
Muscles (cardiac or lung muscle-where you have the most)
When our blood glucose is HIGH our pancreas secretes:
insulin (brings down)
When our blood glucose is LOW our pancreas secretes:
glucagon (bring up)
This organ stores and secretes bile:
galbladder
The essential fatty acid in fish?
Omega 3 (linolenic)
The essential fatty acid in plants?
Omega 6 (linoleic)
What type of fiber is responsible to lower blood cholesterol levels?
Soluble fiber
The majority of fat digestion occurs in?
Small intestine
Unsaturated fats
Liquid at room temperature
Saturated fats
solid at room temperature
The denaturing of a protein can be caused by:
Heat, radiation, alcohol, acids, bases, salts of heavy metals
Storage form in animals/humans
glycogen
Storage form in plants is:
starch
What does trans fat do to cholesterol?
Raises LDL, Lowers HDL (raises blood cholesterol)
Nitrogen waste from protein intake can be excreted through
Urine, feces, sweat, and skin
Adults age 19 and older should consume at least ________ grams of protein for each kilogram of body weight.
.8
1.2-1.7 for athletes
What type of Nitrogen balance would a pregnant women be in?
positive
How many amino acids are there?
20 (11 essential, 9 nonessential)
A bond that connects one amino acid with another is
Peptide bond
What is an amino acid?
The building blocks of protein, a single carbon atom with an amine group attached, and a single carbon atom that has a side chain attached that changes it shape
Backbone of part of amino acid structure is the same for all amino acids
True (side chain is different)
The chief protein that forms connected tissue and ligaments and tendons is called
Collagen
Which of the following is a source of a complete protein?
Soy beans
Calcium and Vitamin D fortified orange juice is useful for
Vegans, ovo vegetarians, and people with lactose intolerance
At risk nutrients for vegetarians include
Iron and Zinc, and Vitamin D and Calcium
Fortified cereals and legumes give vegetarians sources of iron and zinc
True
There are some vegetarian natural food sources containing B12
False (B12 comes from meat products)
What gives protein its unique shape?
R-group side chains
When sugars (carbs) enter the small intestine, what level of organization are they? (mono/di/poly)
Disaccharides
When your diet is lacking carbs, we can use amino acids as:
glucose
Where are chylomicrons synthesized? What are they made of?
Small intestine, made out of triglycerides, "bus" biggest lipoprotein-fat transporters
An astronaut experiences ... nitrogen balance?
Negative
When blood glucose is high, pancreas secretes:
insulin-lowers blood glucose level
When blood glucose is low, pancreas secretes:
glucagon-raises blood glucose level
The byproduct of incomplete fat breakdown is:
Ketones
What does trans fat do to HDL?
Lowers HDL
What does trans fat do to LDL?
Raises LDL
Disaccharides are not found in:
Animal products (because they have glucose, and digest them the same as we do-mono)
What do monounsaturated fats do to HDL/LDL (canola/olive oil/avocado)?
LDL goes down
HDL same
For fat digestion, what enzyme does the pancreas secrete?
Lipase (Secreting into small intestine)
The gallbladder secretes:
Bile (to match the fat)
What do polyunsaturated fats do to HDL/LDL (walnut/corn oil)
Lowers HDL and LDL
What do saturated fatty acids do to HDL/LDL? (Milk/cheese/meat/coconut oil)
Raises LDL and HDL
In the liver monosaccharides
Synthesized into glycogen AND converted to glucose
Protein fates?
Breakdown
Recovery
Synthesis
An eicosanoid is:
essential fatty acid and biological active compound
The goal of carbohydrate digestion is to break down carbohydrates into
monosaccharides
Where are dissacharides mostly digested?
brush border on small intestine
Dissaccharides include
lactose, maltose and sucrose
What form do carbohydrates need to be in to be absorbed in the bloodstream?
monosaccharide
Milk has the disaccharide lactose that breaks down with lactase into these monosaccharides
glucose and galactose
Starch is digested or hydrolyzed by the _____ enzyme.
Amylase
When blood glucose levels rise, your pancreas releases a hormone called ________ into your blood to help transport glucose to cells.
insulin
How many amino acids are required for protein synthesis?
20 total
9 essential
11 non essential
What does trans fat do to our cholesterol?
Raise LDL
Lowers HDL
What does the small intestine do during fat digestion?
And what organs come to assist?
Resynthesizes chylomicrons (lipoprotein) and that delivers triglycerides to cells that need it.
Lipase from the pancreas
Bile released from the gallbladder
Which organs have enzymes for carb digestions and what are they?
Mouth-salivary amylase
Pancreas-pancreatic amylase
Small intestine-sucrase, maltase, lactase
List the monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
What type of fiber is good for people with Type 2 diabetes?
Soluble- slows the absorption of glucose, so not spiking high levels very fast
What are the lipoproteins and where are they synthesized? (All transporters)
HDL-Made in liver, "garbage man" picks up LDL plaque in arteries and bring back to be circulated through the liver
LDL- Made in circulation from VLDL
VLDL- Made (synthesized) in liver
Chylomicrons- Small intestine
What type of nitrogen balance would an astronaut be in?
Negative, because there is no pressure in gravity (would take from muscles & losing nitrogen/balance)
What happens to monosaccharides once they are absorbed in the liver (last step of carb digestion)?
Converted into glucose
Where can glycogen be stored?
Liver and muscles
If all of our fat stores are filled, what happens?
Gain more fat cells
Vegans must get their vitamin supplement B12 because it is not found in animal products?
True
Only found in animal products?
B12 and Cholesterol
What gives protein its unique shape?
Interactions between side chains (R group)
The type of fat in the Mediterranean diet is mostly:
Unsaturated
Saturated fats are
single bonds pack tightly together, solid, can be as close together as they want to
Unsaturated fats
double bonds, liquid, "kink in tail"
The gallbladder releases what into the small intestine
Releases bile
Bile emulsifies fat, making it soluble
When your diet is lacking carbs, amino acids can be used to synthesize:
Glucose (without carbs no energy)
What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes
Type 1: autoimmune, body does NOT make insulin
Type 2: resistance to insulin, receptors can't receive signal anymore, does not help blood glucose levels and skyrocket
What makes protein different from carbs or fat?
Nitrogen