Nutrition Exam 2

Which lipoprotein transports dietary fat to the cells in your body?

chylomicrons

Which lipoprotein carries cholesterol to the cells in your body, but can get stuck in arteries while traveling in the blood, depositing cholesterol that eventually leads to plaque formation?

LDL

Which lipoprotein picks up cholesterol from your arteries and other places in the body and returns in back to the liver for further metabolism?

HDL

The largest lipoprotein that is mostly made of fat and the video compares to a bus is called

chylomicrons

Essential fatty acid found in fish

(Omega 3) Linolenic

When you have a negative nitrogen balance, where does your body take from when low on protein?

Muscles (break down less vital proteins such as blood, skin, and muscles)

When sugars or carbs enter the small intestine, what level of organization are they?

Disaccharides (Fiber, starch, disaccharides, monosaccarides enter stomach and pass into small intestine)

What is the job of bile?

Bile emulsifies fat (Produced in liver and concentrated/stored/released in gallbladder)

What type of diabetes produces no insulin?

Type 1

Which fat is 95% of the fat we eat?

Triglycerides (mostly made of chylomicrons-big buses)

What enzyme does the pancreas secrete for fat digestion?

Lipase

Where are chylomicrons synthesized?

Small intestine

Which cholesterol is referred to as the garbage man?

HDL (picks up cholesterol from body cells and brings to liver for disposal)

What is the smallest level of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides (one)

What type of diabetes is insulin resistant?

Type 2

Essential fatty acids in plants? (Omega 6)

Linoleic

Which polysaccharide is the plant storage form of glucose?

Starch (Animal is glycogen)

What is a precursor to vitamin D?

Cholesterol

In the liver, all monosaccharides are turned into what?

Glucose (Glycogen storage in the liver)

Where is bile stored?

Galbladder

What does protein contain that makes it different from carbs and fat?

Nitrogen

What type of bond links amino acids?

Peptide bond

A string of about ... to ... amino acids is a polypeptide?

10 to 50

What is the AMDR for protein?

10-35%

What is protein turnover?

the continuous breakdown and synthesis of body proteins involving the recycling of amino acids

Where are chylomicrons synthesized?

small intestine

When you have negative nitrogen balance, where does the body take from?

Muscles (cardiac or lung muscle-where you have the most)

When our blood glucose is HIGH our pancreas secretes:

insulin (brings down)

When our blood glucose is LOW our pancreas secretes:

glucagon (bring up)

This organ stores and secretes bile:

galbladder

The essential fatty acid in fish?

Omega 3 (linolenic)

The essential fatty acid in plants?

Omega 6 (linoleic)

What type of fiber is responsible to lower blood cholesterol levels?

Soluble fiber

The majority of fat digestion occurs in?

Small intestine

Unsaturated fats

Liquid at room temperature

Saturated fats

solid at room temperature

The denaturing of a protein can be caused by:

Heat, radiation, alcohol, acids, bases, salts of heavy metals

Storage form in animals/humans

glycogen

Storage form in plants is:

starch

What does trans fat do to cholesterol?

Raises LDL, Lowers HDL (raises blood cholesterol)

Nitrogen waste from protein intake can be excreted through

Urine, feces, sweat, and skin

Adults age 19 and older should consume at least ________ grams of protein for each kilogram of body weight.

.8

1.2-1.7 for athletes

What type of Nitrogen balance would a pregnant women be in?

positive

How many amino acids are there?

20 (11 essential, 9 nonessential)

A bond that connects one amino acid with another is

Peptide bond

What is an amino acid?

The building blocks of protein, a single carbon atom with an amine group attached, and a single carbon atom that has a side chain attached that changes it shape

Backbone of part of amino acid structure is the same for all amino acids

True (side chain is different)

The chief protein that forms connected tissue and ligaments and tendons is called

Collagen

Which of the following is a source of a complete protein?

Soy beans

Calcium and Vitamin D fortified orange juice is useful for

Vegans, ovo vegetarians, and people with lactose intolerance

At risk nutrients for vegetarians include

Iron and Zinc, and Vitamin D and Calcium

Fortified cereals and legumes give vegetarians sources of iron and zinc

True

There are some vegetarian natural food sources containing B12

False (B12 comes from meat products)

What gives protein its unique shape?

R-group side chains

When sugars (carbs) enter the small intestine, what level of organization are they? (mono/di/poly)

Disaccharides

When your diet is lacking carbs, we can use amino acids as:

glucose

Where are chylomicrons synthesized? What are they made of?

Small intestine, made out of triglycerides, "bus" biggest lipoprotein-fat transporters

An astronaut experiences ... nitrogen balance?

Negative

When blood glucose is high, pancreas secretes:

insulin-lowers blood glucose level

When blood glucose is low, pancreas secretes:

glucagon-raises blood glucose level

The byproduct of incomplete fat breakdown is:

Ketones

What does trans fat do to HDL?

Lowers HDL

What does trans fat do to LDL?

Raises LDL

Disaccharides are not found in:

Animal products (because they have glucose, and digest them the same as we do-mono)

What do monounsaturated fats do to HDL/LDL (canola/olive oil/avocado)?

LDL goes down

HDL same

For fat digestion, what enzyme does the pancreas secrete?

Lipase (Secreting into small intestine)

The gallbladder secretes:

Bile (to match the fat)

What do polyunsaturated fats do to HDL/LDL (walnut/corn oil)

Lowers HDL and LDL

What do saturated fatty acids do to HDL/LDL? (Milk/cheese/meat/coconut oil)

Raises LDL and HDL

In the liver monosaccharides

Synthesized into glycogen AND converted to glucose

Protein fates?

Breakdown

Recovery

Synthesis

An eicosanoid is:

essential fatty acid and biological active compound

The goal of carbohydrate digestion is to break down carbohydrates into

monosaccharides

Where are dissacharides mostly digested?

brush border on small intestine

Dissaccharides include

lactose, maltose and sucrose

What form do carbohydrates need to be in to be absorbed in the bloodstream?

monosaccharide

Milk has the disaccharide lactose that breaks down with lactase into these monosaccharides

glucose and galactose

Starch is digested or hydrolyzed by the _____ enzyme.

Amylase

When blood glucose levels rise, your pancreas releases a hormone called ________ into your blood to help transport glucose to cells.

insulin

How many amino acids are required for protein synthesis?

20 total

9 essential

11 non essential

What does trans fat do to our cholesterol?

Raise LDL

Lowers HDL

What does the small intestine do during fat digestion?

And what organs come to assist?

Resynthesizes chylomicrons (lipoprotein) and that delivers triglycerides to cells that need it.

Lipase from the pancreas

Bile released from the gallbladder

Which organs have enzymes for carb digestions and what are they?

Mouth-salivary amylase

Pancreas-pancreatic amylase

Small intestine-sucrase, maltase, lactase

List the monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

What type of fiber is good for people with Type 2 diabetes?

Soluble- slows the absorption of glucose, so not spiking high levels very fast

What are the lipoproteins and where are they synthesized? (All transporters)

HDL-Made in liver, "garbage man" picks up LDL plaque in arteries and bring back to be circulated through the liver

LDL- Made in circulation from VLDL

VLDL- Made (synthesized) in liver

Chylomicrons- Small intestine

What type of nitrogen balance would an astronaut be in?

Negative, because there is no pressure in gravity (would take from muscles & losing nitrogen/balance)

What happens to monosaccharides once they are absorbed in the liver (last step of carb digestion)?

Converted into glucose

Where can glycogen be stored?

Liver and muscles

If all of our fat stores are filled, what happens?

Gain more fat cells

Vegans must get their vitamin supplement B12 because it is not found in animal products?

True

Only found in animal products?

B12 and Cholesterol

What gives protein its unique shape?

Interactions between side chains (R group)

The type of fat in the Mediterranean diet is mostly:

Unsaturated

Saturated fats are

single bonds pack tightly together, solid, can be as close together as they want to

Unsaturated fats

double bonds, liquid, "kink in tail"

The gallbladder releases what into the small intestine

Releases bile

Bile emulsifies fat, making it soluble

When your diet is lacking carbs, amino acids can be used to synthesize:

Glucose (without carbs no energy)

What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes

Type 1: autoimmune, body does NOT make insulin

Type 2: resistance to insulin, receptors can't receive signal anymore, does not help blood glucose levels and skyrocket

What makes protein different from carbs or fat?

Nitrogen