Medical Terminology chapter 3

ossification

the process of bone formation

periosteum

tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone

compact bone

hard, dense, bone tissue that forms the protective outer layer of bones

spongy bone

porous bone tissue that contains red bone marrow

medullary cavity

cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with red and yellow bone marrow

endosteum

tissue that lines the medullary cavity

hematopoietic

pertaining to the formation of blood cells

cartilage

connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones

articular cartilage

covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints

meniscus

fibrous cartilage found in some joints

diaphysis

the shaft of a long bone

epiphyses

the proximal and distal ends of long bones

foramen

an opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass

process

a projection on a surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle or tendon

joints

areas where two or more bones join together

fibrous joints

consists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds the bones tightly together

fontanelles

soft spots normally present on the skull of a newborn

cartilaginous joints

allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage

synovial joint

created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions

synovial capsule

the outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint

synovial membrane

lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid

ligaments

bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone or by joining a bone to cartilage

bursa

fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another

axial skeleton

protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems

appendicular skeleton

makes body movement possible and protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction

skull

consists of the 8 bones that form the cranium, 14 bones that form the face, and 6 bones in the middle ear

cranium

the portion of the skull that encloses and protects the brain

frontal bone

bone that forms the forehead

parietal bones

bones that form the sides and top of the cranium

occipital bone

forms the back part of the skull and the base of the cranium

temporal bones

form the sides and base of the cranium

external auditory meatus

the opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear

sphenoid bone

bone that forms the base of the cranium

ethmoid bone

forms the roof and sides of the nose

auditory ossicles

the three bones located in each middle ear

nasal bones

form the bridge of the nose

zygomatic bones

articulate with the frontal bone

maxillary bones

form most of the upper jaw

palatine bones

form part of the hard palate of the mouth and the floor of the nose

lacrimal bones

make up part of the orbit at the inner angle

inferior conchae

the thin, scroll-like bones that form part of the interior of the nose

vomer bone

forms the base for the nasal septum

mandible

lower jaw

temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

the joint formed where the mandible and cranium meet

thoracic cavity

protects the heart and lungs

ribs

the twelve pairs of bones that surround the heart and lungs

sternum

breastbone

manubrium

the upper portion of the sternum

body of the sternum

middle portion of the sternum

xiphoid process

lower portion of the sternum

pectoral girdle

supports the arms and hands

clavicle

connects the manubrium to the scapula

scapula

shoulder blade

acromion

an extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder

humerus

bone of the upper arm

radius

the shorter bone of the forearm

ulna

the longer bone of the forearm

olecranon

the proximal tip of the ulna

carpals

bones of the wrist

metacarpals

bones of the hand

phalanges

bones of the fingers and toes

spinal column

protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body

vertebra

single backbone

lamina

the posterior portion of the spinal column

intervertebral disks

separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other

cervical vertebrae

first set of seven vertebrae, forming the neck (C1-C7)

thoracic vertebrae

the second set of 12 vertebrae, forming the outward curve of the spine (T1-T12)

lumbar vertebrae

the third set of five vertebrae, forming the inward curve of the lower spine (L1-L5)

sacrum

forms the lower portion of the back

coccyx

four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone

ilium

back and sides of the pubic bone

pelvis

protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities

sacroiliac

the slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium

ischium

the lower, posterior portions of the pelvis

pubis

the medial anterior portion of the pelvis

pubic symphysis

cartilaginous joint at which two pubic bones fuse together

acetabulum

large socket in the pelvic bone for the head of the femur

femur

thigh bones

patella

kneecap

popliteal

posterior knee area

cruciate ligaments

make possible the movements of the knee

tibia

the anterior weight-bearing bone of the lower leg

fibula

the lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg

ankles

the joints that connect the lower leg and foot and make the necessary movements possible

tarsals

the seven bones that make up the ankle

malleolus

rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint

talus

the ankle bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula

calcaneus

heel bone

metatarsals

foot bones

chiropractor

specializes in the manipulative treatment of disorders originating from misalignment of the spine

orthopedic surgeon

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles

osteopath

physician who specializes in treating health problems by spinal manipulation

podiatrist

specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot

rheumatologist

physician who specializes in the study and treatment of rheumatic diseases

ankylosis

the loss or absence of mobility in a joint

adhesive capsulitis

extreme stiffness of the shoulder joint (a.k.a. frozen shoulder)

arthrosclerosis

stiffness of the joints

baker's cyst

fluid-filled sac behind the knee

bursitis

inflammation of a bursa