TLE 3RD MT

Common Wire Nails (CWN)

a material used to fasten wood, metal, and plastic together

Lumber

a material used in making products like cabinets, tables, and chairs

Working Drawing Plan

a material used as a reference for measurements, dimensions, and other details

Plywood

a material that is commonly used for wall paneling, flooring, furniture, and covering for formwork construction

Marine and Ordinary Plywood

two types of plywood

Marine Plywood

plywood which is the best type for formwork

Marine Plywood

plywood which can be used multiple times because it is made of waterproof adhesive

Ordinary Plywood

plywood which is widely used for formwork

Ordinary Plywood

plywood that can be used up to three times

Chalk Line

a tool used in making surface lines

Claw Hammer

a tool used in driving and pulling out nails

Crosscut Saw

a tool used in cutting woods and plywood for construction

Crowbar

a tool used to wreck and pull out larger nails

Pencil or any marking tool

a tool used as a guide in marking the lines and end points of materials such as lumber and plywood

Nylon String

a tool used to layout the forms for vertical or horizontal installation

Plumb Bob

a tool used in checking the vertical alignment of the installed formworks

Steel Rule

a tool used in measuring plywood and other construction materials

Spanner Wrench

a tool used in turning bolts and nuts

Spirit Level

a tool used in testing the horizontal alignment of the formwork

Steel Square

a tool used in checking, squaring, and measuring big items

Try Square

a tool used in testing the squareness of smaller objects

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

is a standard clothing worn by workers that will protect them from possible injuries or accidents while at work or at the construction site; includes items like safety hard hat, helmet, eye protection, gloves, visibility clothing, safety harness, and footwear

Breathing

Hazards: oxygen deficiency, vapor, gas, and dust

Breathing

Options: half or full-face respirators, breathing apparatuses, disposable and filtering face pieces or respirator, and air helmets

Breathing

Notes: Choose the right type of respirator. Use breathing apparatuses when there is a shortage of oxygen or any danger of losing consciousness due to harmful fumes

Eyes

Hazards: dust, gas and vapor, projectiles, metal or chemical splash, and radiation

Eyes

Options: face shields, safety goggles, spectacles, and visors

Eyes

Notes: Ensure that it has the right combination of impact, splash, dust, or molten metal eye protection for the job

Feet and Legs

Hazards: cut and punctures, abrasions, falling objects, chemical and metal splash, slipping, wet, and electrostatic build-up

Feet and Legs

Options: gaiters, spats, leggings, safety boots, and shoes

Feet and Legs

Notes: There is a variety of footwear to be used to help prevent slips in different conditions, which includes chemical and oil-resistant soles. This can also be electrically conductive or thermally insulating, and anti-static

Head

Hazards: flying or falling objects, hair entanglement, and risk of head bumping

Head

Options: hard hats, helmets, and bump caps

Head

Notes: There are some helmets that are specially designed for eye and hearing protection

Heads and Arms

Hazards: abrasion, cuts and punctures, chemicals, disease or contamination, chemical electric shock, and temperature extremes

Heads and Arms

Options: armlets, gauntlets, gloves, mitts, and wrist cuffs

Heads and Arms

Notes: Do not use gloves when operating any machines like bench drills where gloves could get caught. There are some materials that are quickly penetrated by chemicals, so choose gloves that are appropriate for the job. Using gloves for a long period can make the sweaty and hot that may lead to skin problems. Also, some are allergic in using latex gloves.

Body

Hazards: adverse weather, chemical or metal splash, contaminated dust, impact or penetration, excessive entanglement or wear of own clothing, spray from pressure leaks or spray guns, and temperature extremes

Body

Options: boiler suits and workers protective clothing and disposable or conventional overalls

Body

Notes: Choose a clothing attire that is anti-static, chain mail, flame retardant, chemically impermeable, and highly visible. Do not forget to protect the other parts of the body using life jackets and safety harness.

Defect

is simply an irregularity or abnormality found in woods.

Bow

shows a bend on the face of a lumber from end to end.

Cup

indicates hollow crossways on the face of the lumber

Crook or Crown

has a distortion along the edge of the line.

Knot or Knothole

illustrates a dead knot that is surrounded by a dark ring or may have left a hole.

Split

is a crack that is commonly located on the end of the wood.

Twist

has multiple curves or bends in the wood.

Check

Check indicates a crack on the wood's annual growth rings, and does not pass through the entire thickness of the lumber.

Shake

shows a separation of the grain between the growth rings. It often extends along the face of the board.

Wane

is a missing lumber or untrimmed bark along the edge or corner of the piece.

Physical Property

properties that can be measured and observed.

Density

is determined by the quantity of cell wall substances and the amount of voids by the cell lumens of the fibers

Electrical Properties of Wood

are dielectric constant and dielectric power factor, which is the alternating current.

Mass

is a property of wood that causes expansion of the wood due to its conductivity, coefficient, and heat of thermal properties.

Moisture Content

refers to the mass of water contained in the wood

Permeability

is influenced by the structure of the cells in the wood.

Shrinkage

usually occurs when there is a loss of water content in the wood (moisture below the fiber infiltration point).

Mechanical Properties

properties that are normally governed by plasticity and elasticity, among others.

Elasticity

depends on the grain moisture, orientation, rate of loading species, and temperature.

Strength

is dependent on moisture content, species, rate of loading temperature, orientation, size, and location of natural characteristics like knots and specimen size.

Vibration

may describe the damping and sound velocities, which are necessary phenomena of interest in structural applications.

Carpentry

\_______ materials and tools must be accurately selected, checked, and prepared as per job requirements.

Scaffold

refers to a temporary elevated structure that has a platform. This is used to aid and support workers, materials, and equipment during construction, repair, and maintenance of infrastructures and structures.

safety of the workers

This must be one of the top priorities of any construction company.

Diagonal Braces

are used to prevent any movement in the scaffold.

Horizontal Support

is used to hold the lower part of the legs of the scaffold. It also supports the scaffold.

Outrigger

is usually a part in holding the platforms.

Platform

serves as a temporary floor where workers can step on.

Post or upright

is composed of four main braces that are used in supporting the structure.

Step 1 in Assembling a Wooden Scaffold

Gather and prepare all the materials, tools, and equipment required.

Step 2 in Assembling a Wooden Scaffold

Lay the measurement on the wood based on the specifications of the drawing.

Step 3 in Assembling a Wooden Scaffold

Cut the wood into its desired size.

Step 4 in Assembling a Wooden Scaffold

Use fasteners and nails in connecting outriggers to upright supports

Step 5 in Assembling a Wooden Scaffold

Secure and lock cleats to outriggers

Step 6 in Assembling a Wooden Scaffold

Properly nail all diagonal braces to support and to avoid any movements

Step 7 in Assembling a Wooden Scaffold

Inspect the squareness, levelness, and plumbness of the wooden scaffold

Step 8 in Assembling a Wooden Scaffold

Clean the surroundings and keep the unused materials to a safety place.

Step 1 in Assembling a Metal Scaffold

Gather and prepare all the materials, tools, and equipment required.

Step 2 in Assembling a Metal Scaffold

Attach the two side braces B to the two frames A. Make sure that both sides have the same height or level.

Step 3 in Assembling a Metal Scaffold

Install the platform C on the side braces B.

Step 4 in Assembling a Metal Scaffold

Rotate the platform clips into the engaged position.

Step 5 in Assembling a Metal Scaffold

Install the four castors D into the legs of frame A. Secure the castors by pinning them with lock pins E

Step 6 in Assembling a Metal Scaffold

Install the triggers into the legs at the bottom of the frame.

Step 7 in Assembling a Metal Scaffold

Insert all other platforms in the frame and repeat it on the other side.

Step 8 in Assembling a Metal Scaffold

Install the platform following the steps 3 and 4.

Step 9 in Assembling a Metal Scaffold

Install the guardrail. Check all sides of the brace if it locks in full engagement before accessing the platform.

6.5 feet walk through scaffolding frame

can be used as a sidewalk canopy to straddle objects or items.

Ladder Frame

has a height of six feet and a width of five feet. It has a ladder on one side and comes with two locked-in stack pins.

Standard Masonry End Frame

has a height of five feet. This scaffold comes with two locked-in stack pins.

Frame

is the skeletal formation of a metal scaffold

Cross braces

are diagonally installed to avoid any movement from the scaffold.

Platform

is the horizontal board found on top of the frame.

Castor

is an accessory installed on the scaffold to make it a movable platform. This is also called the scaffold wheels.

Caster

is used to lock the castor and to secure the scaffold legs.

Lock pin

is used in securing the fittings of the scaffold.

Spirit Level

is used in testing and guiding the work whether it is horizontally or vertically positioned.

Step 1 Spirit Level

Hold the spirit level up to the desired length for horizontal or vertical measurement.

Step 2 Spirit Level

The worker will check the vacant space in the liquid that looks like a bubble at the center

Step 3 Spirit Level

Mark a line on the leveled surface.

Plumb bob

is used for measuring the exact vertical level of a structure.