mendel's laws of inheritance

inheritance

how traits are passed onto offspring

what did mendel study

pea plants to determine how their characteristics were passed onto the next generation of plants

what 2 things does mendelian inheritance follow

gregor mendel’s two laws and the principle of dominance

what is the punnett square used to determine

the various genotype combinations that may be passed from parent to offspring and their likelihood of occuring

allele

a specific copy of a gene

dominant

most powerful trait

recessive

traits that are masked if dominant alleles are present

when is the recessive allele expressed

only when both alleles are recessive

genotype

genetic makeup of an individual

combination of 2 alleles

genotype`

if a chromosome contains 2 alleles that are the same, the genotype is called _____________

homozygous

if a chromosome contains 2 different alleles, the genotype is called ______________

heterozygous

what determines the phenotype of an organism

the alleles present in an organism

phenotype

expression of the genes for a trait

example of a visible trait in a phenotype

seed color

example of an unseen trait in a phenotype

blood type

2 types of genotypes

homozygous and heterozygous

what do offspring express a dominant or recessive phenotype based on

the 2 alleles inherited for a trait

2 types of phenotypes

dominant and recessive`

how are inherited traits passed from parent to offspring

through gametes (eggs or sperm)

how many chromosomes does each gamete carry

1 chromosome of the chromosome pair

what does the punnett square help to determine

the ratios the of the genotypes of offspring from a reproductive cross

what would someone need to know to use a punnett square

the genotypes of the parents

do capital or lowercase letters represent dominant alleles

capital

do capital or lowercase letters represent recessive alleles

lowercase

mendel'ls law of segregation

offspring inherit one allele from each parent for a trait and no allele is favored over the others

dihybrid cross

a cross between parents heterozygous at 2 specific genes

what does a dihybrid cross track

the inheritance of 2 different traits

when does a non-mendelian inheritance occur

when there are factors other than dominant and recessive alleles

4 ways non-mendelian inheritance may occur

• multiple alleles

• incomplete dominant-recessive relationships that lead to an intermediate

• co-dominance

• interactions between genes

law of dominance

a dominant trait hides a recessive trait when both are present

law of independent assortment

different traits are passed on separately from one another

mendel’s 3 laws of inheritance

• law of dominance

• law of segregation

• law of independent assortment