Child Development Exam 2

Epidural Shot

Medication used to get alleviate lower body pan (lumbar) from childbirth put into the epidural space in our spine

Medicantiosn Used for birth or during

Epidural shots, synthetic oxytocin,

Feeding Tube

pediatric surgeon for implantation

• Risks for infection when cutting open GI tract

Vaginal Birth Complications

Umbilical cord stuck around baby’s neck (lack of oxygen)

Baby turns upside down, this is where they could do a C-Section

• Their head could squeeze the cord causing a lack of oxygen

C-Section Risks

Rh incompatibility, premature seperation of placenta, maternal illness, or increase of scar tissue build up

• Have to get C-Section for any future births

Birth Complications

Lack of oxygen, pregnancy that ended early, and a baby who remains in the uterus too long

Induced Delivery

IV can be used to make the contractions of delivery stronger 

• Syntehitc Oxytocin

ISSUE: Longer contractions, harder, & closer increasing an inadequate amount of oxygen to the baby. Mothers aren’t as in control

Vacuum Assisted Delivery

Plunger pulling child through birth canal - head can be pointed 

ISSUE: Bleeding below babies skin can occur, seizures, & can shape the babies head as a cone

Foreceps Birth

Smooth forceps are placed below the jaw to grab the baby by its head and pull them out

• ISSUE: Brain damage can occur, Can leave marks on face if done wrong

Episiotomy

Cut vaginal lips to open the canal 

Epidural Shot Risks

• Can hit the tube in our spinal cord which causes the top half of the body to become numb rather than the bottom half, thus causing you to need an emergency c-section

• Can become resistant to medication & build a strong tolerance

• paralysis, allergic to medication, addiction & small complication risks

Cortisol Levels

Babies have high levels of cortisol which help with energy deprivation (oxygen)

Oxygen Deprivation

Can lead to Cerebral Palsy due to a lack of oxygen to the cerebrum

• Anoxia - not enough oxygen 

• Tobacco & Cocaine can cause constriction of blood vessels

• Placenta can detach with a lack of oxygen

• Babies can go longer w/o oxygen than adults since they lower their metabolic rate which conservers oxygen

Best indicator of Children Survival

Birth weight, African Americans are especially vulnerable

SIDS - Sudden Infant Death Syndrome 

• Usually during the night; USED think it was due to sleeping position

• No definite cause 

• risk with mild respiratory conditions 
  

Growth occurs in… 

Spurts

• Inc of food intake is a sign of a spurt

Baby Fat maintains at 9 Months for temperature regulation

• Fat burns away typically after 9 months due to inc activity 

  • Muscle tissue growth typically peaks in Adolescence

Negative correlations w/infants born at low weight 

Stunted Growth w/potential mental growth stunts

• May explain inftant mortality

Brain size increases by what percent to what age

30% - 70% by age 2 

How many neurons in the Cerebral Cortex

20 Billion Neurons

What age does the Frontal Cortex fully develop

Mid 20s

• ADHD stems from the frontal lobe

Brain Plasticity

can do things easier at a younger age due to the brain being able to be molded easier than an older; ie. 8-16 vs 80 learning a language 

Left Cerebral Hemisphere Does

Verbal Activity (spoken & written language) & positive emotion such as joy

Right Cerebral Hemisphere Does

Spatial Abilities (judging distance, reading maps, & understanding shapes) & negative emotion such as distress

Does the brain work ispilaterally or contralaterally

Contralaterally

Why are our brains lateralized

B/c it may have helped us decision make better and have our brains function at a much higher capacity

• Babies can focus one part of their brain if another part of the brain is damaged or hurt

Factors of low birth weight

Premature birth, poverty strikren women, under stress, undernourished, & exposed to eviromental influences

Piaget 0 - 2 - Sensory Motor Stage

feeling touch of new stuff and building the connection 

• Sense experiences & moving in your environment 

• Maria Montessori built off of this; they use a lof of his ideas of being outside to have them move around 

Piaget 2 - 7 Preoperational Stage

Language, being able to receive & express emotions (cognitive growth influences development) 

• Explosion of language; all of a sudden they start babbling and pointing to stuff w/phrases 

• Critical Period due to the explosion of language development 

• Chomsky - cognitive influences brain development 

Piaget 7 - 11 Concrete

visual tactile learning (touch/hear)

• Insert puzzles 

• Conservation - comparing two objects w/same mass but appearing as if there is more 

• Scaffolding - revisiting old steps and building off of each step

Piaget 11 - 18 Formal Operations

Abstract reasoning; thinking deeper; integrity 

• Feelings, emotions, child feeling hurt/upset 

Lev Vygotsky would like what type of class setup

Having a class with both smarter and dumber kids will help reinforce the info in the dumber kids mind; they pull each other 

• Same can be applied in sports with a faster athlete & slower athlete 

• Would not like AP & Honors Classes

Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development

Solve on own w/little to self-guidance works with Stretching

Vygotsky’s Cognitive Stretching

Making you think more rather than being given the answers 

4 Hemispheres of the Cerebral Cortex

Frontal - Problem solving (Broca)

Temporal - Hearing & Language (Wernicke)

Occipital - Sight

Paritel - Touch Perception