3.2 AP World

divine right of kings

a common claim from the Middle Ages that the right to rule was given to a king by god

justices of the peace

officials selected by the landed gentry to settle legal matters and maintain peace equally in the counties of England

English Bill of Rights

a document signed by England’s rulers in 1689 which assured individual civil liberties, like due process. Also gave parliament more power

absolute

directed by one source of power, the king, with complete authority

Cardinal Richelieu

Louis XIII’s minister, who moved to even greater centralization of the government

intendants

royal officials or bureaucratic elite sent out to provinces to execute the orders of the central government

Louis XIV

AKA the Sun King, ruled from 1643-1715, espoused a theory of divine right and became the virtual dictator of France. Declared that he was the state.

Ivan IV

Tsar of Russia from 1547 to 1584. Used terror to control Russia. Had to control the nobles by establishing his own paramilitary force that were loyal only to him.

Romanov Dynasty

Autocratic dynasty that took control of Russia in 1613 after Ivan’s death

Peter I

know as the defender of Orthodoxy, rose to power as the ruler of Russia in 1682 by consolidating power and eliminating his rivals. Reformed the Russian government while in power.

devshirme

a selection system used by the Ottomans to staff their military and government. Christian boys who were Ottoman subjects were recruited by force to serve in the government. They received high levels of education and often found themselves in high ranking positions.

Janissaries

elite forces in the Ottoman empire, members were derived from the devshirme system.

daimyo

Japanese landowning aristocrats

Edo

current day Tokyo, the center of the Japanese government after 1598.

Tokugawa Ieyasu

a Japanese daimyo that became Shogun in 1603, his rule ended began the end of Feudalism in Japan

Period of Great Peace

a period where Japan was controlled by the Tokugawa shogunate and the government established central control over the country

Tokugawa shogunate

the central government of Japan established by Tokugawa Ieyasu, required daimyo to live in both Tokto and their home territory which kept a firm grip on them

Askia the Great

Came to power over the Songhai Empire from 1493 to 1528, promoted Islam in his leadership and made Songhai the biggest kingdom of its time. Used efficient bureaucracy to bring the empire together

Akbar

the most capable of Mughal rulers, established efficient and fair government

Delhi

the capital of the Mughal empire

Shah Jahan

built the Taj Mahal as a tomb for his wife

tax farmers

a name for those who oversaw the collection of taxes for the royal government in France.

tax farming

the method by which the Ottomans levied taxes from peasants

tributes

given as a sign of respect, submission, or allegiance

zamindars

paid government officials who were in charge of specific duties, such as taxation, construction, and the water supply for Mughal Empire

Taj Mahal

a tomb built for Shah Jahan’s wife, one of Mughal India’s magnificent architectural accomplishments

Versailles

A palace built to glorify King Louis XIV, housed the French government in 1682. Enforced the idea of absolutism

boyars

the noble landowning class of Russia, at the top of the social pyramid

serfdom

the state of being a serf, who were peasants who received a plot of land and protection from nobles, but had to work and had little freedom.