History-Nationalism and Revolutions (Haitian Revolution, Spanish and South America, Revolutions in Latin America, German Unification, and Italian Unification

Chapters 8 and 10

Ideology

a belief that forms from the basis of a political, economic, or other system

Conservatism

people that do not believe in change and want things to stay the way they are

Liberalism

people that believe in more freedom and change

Nationalism

a group of people who share a common history or culture

Universal manhood suffrage

giving all adult men the right to vote

autonomy

having self control in a government

Saint Domingue

French colony, had slave labor plantations (sugar), where the first slave revolt took place

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Led the slave rebellion that turned into a revolutionary war

Haitian Independence (1804)

second free country in the western hemisphere, first free black nation, inspired others to rebel for freedom

Peninsulares

FIRST ON SOCIAL HIERARCHY LEVEL, people born in Spain who dominated political and social life

Creoles

SECOND ON SOCIAL HIERARCHY LEVEL, European-descended Latin Americans who owned ranches and mines, led revolts for independence

Mesitzos

THIRD ON SOCIAL HIERARCHY LEVEL (same level as Mulattos), people of Native American and European descent

Mulattoes

THIRD ON SOCIAL HIERARCHY LEVEL (same level as Mestizos) people of African and European descent

El Grito de Dolores

a painting that shows the events of a revolt against Spain led by Father Hidalgo

Simon Bolivar

an educated creole who led an uprising that established a republic in Venezuela

Jose de San Martin

Helped Argentina win freedom from Spain, a gifted general

Dom Pedro

became the emperor of independent Brazil after his father

What were the goals of the Conservatives?

peace and stability

What were the goals for the Liberals?

give people rights

What were the goals of the Nationalists?

Autonomy (self-rule)

Prussia

the first of the German states, ruled by different dynasties

chancellor

prime minister

Otto Von Bismarck

served as a Prussian diplomat, named chancellor, united German states under Prussian rule, built up military, and won several wars

“Blood + iron”

policy used by Bismarck to build up his army, blood is war and iron is machinery or industrialization

Franco-Prussian War

Bismarck provoked Napoleon into waging war between Prussia and France, Prussia won over France, France surrendering due to their lack of prepardness

Kaiser

meaning emperor or king

Reich

meaning empire

Brazil Independence

Portuguese royal family flee to Brazil, then returned to Portugal, King’s son declares independence and becomes the emperor, gained independence from Portugal

Revolutions in Latin America were gaining independence from who?

Spain and Portugal

Causes of the revolutions:

1) enlightenment ideas

2) American and French revolutions

3) Napoleon Bonaparte

4) Nationalism (need for autonomy)

Spanish South America had a social ___ based on __

hierarchy, race (ethnicity)

how did Germany become a country?

prussia’s victory in the franco-prussian war

Young Italy

a secret society led by Giuseppe Mazzini who wanted independence

Camillo Cavour

prime minister of Italy, took land from France

Giuseppe Garibaldi

a nationalist who fought for unity and overthrew the kingdom of Naples

Red Shirts

volunteer army led by Garibaldi

anarchist/anarchy

people who want to abolish government

emigration

to leave a certain area

problems Italy faced after unification

crime, North was wealthier than the South, emigrations, extreme political parties