OCR GCSE PE paper 2

What are the various groups In which participation in social group in sports varies?

* Gender
* Age
* Ethnicity
* Disability
* Socio-economic status

How does Gender effect participation in social group

* More men participate than women with around 10% more men than women participating once a week.


* Some sports have more opportunities for either men or women to take part.

Rugby is more popular for boys as there are more male role models, and more media coverage on male rugby.

How does age effect participation in social group

* Participation rates fall as people get older.


* 56% of 16-25-year olds take part in sports weekly compared to 32% of over 26-year-olds.

There Is also a feeling in society that sport and exercise are the past times of the young. This can lead to **discrimination** against older people. This perception is reinforced by professional sportspeople retiring in their mid-thirties, limiting the number of older role models.

How does ethnicity effect participation in social group

* Among different ethnic groups participation varies very little for men.


* Women from white backgrounds are much more likely to participate in sport than women from black, Chinese and other ethnic minority backgrounds.
* Only 21% of Asian women participate.
* Participation among black and ethnic minority adults is increasing, with 37% of over 16’s playing sport once a week.

Cultural and religious traditions can also have an impact on participation in sports and physical activity. For example, some religions have periods of time when people fast, days when food intake is very minimal, and it is more difficult to be physically active when your energy levels are low. Some cultures also have dress codes that make participation more challenging.

How does disability effect participation in social group

* Disabled people participate less than people without a disability.


* The number of disabled adults participating in sport has increased to 17%.
* However, whilst this figure is increasing it remains low, over 20% lower than those without a disability.

There is a limited number of teachers and coaches with the necessary qualifications to facilitate sport for people with disabilities, as well as a lack of appropriate facilities.

How does socio-economic effect participation in social group

* Our socio-economic group relates to our economic status or class. This is based on income, education and occupation.
* More people from higher socio-economic groups (38.7%) participate in sport than those from lower socio-economic groups (25.7%).
* The highest participation rates are by managerial/professional workers and lowest are by manual workers and unemployed people.

Sports can be expensive with memberships, equipment and transport.

What are the strategies to increase participation ?

* promotion
* provision
* access

What is promotion

This involves promoting sport and physical activity and encouraging people to take part.

This is done by increasing the awareness of sporting opportunities and increasing the profile of role models.

What is provision

This involves providing good quality provision to access sport. This includes providing good facilities, equipment and coaching.

What is access

This involves giving people the opportunity to engage and take part in physical activity by making it accessible to all. This could be through increasing the number of clubs in an area or making them more affordable.

The Factors affecting Participation in Sport

* age
* gender
* Ethnicity
* Religion/Culture
* Family
* Education
* Time/work commitments
* Cost/disposable income
* Disability
* Oppurtunity/access
* Discrimination
* Environment/climate
* Media Coverage
* Role models

How does age affect participation in sport

The greatest opportunity and provision of physical activity is for school age children.

Older people (50+) often like less strenuous activities as they are more physically limited.

**Adults are impacted by less free time, perceived lack of fitness and less choice.**

For an elderly person with health issues and a lack of mobility, age would act as a barrier to their participation in golf as playing the course would involve too much walking.

How does gender affect participation in sport

More men than women are involved in sport both as participants and spectators with professional sportsmen receiving more money and TV coverage than women. Some gender stereotypes and sports still exist and this can put people off due to fear of discrimination. There is more opportunity and funding available for perceived male sports such as football and rugby. For a woman who would like to take up rugby, gender would act as a barrier if there is plenty of male teams but no ladies team in her area.

How does ethnicity affect participation in sport

**Some ethnic groups may have a higher regard for some sports than others and these views may influence participation in certain sports.** Some people from ethnic minority groups may feel they ‘don’t belong’ in certain sports due to perceived prejudice or lack of role models. Ethnicity may act as a positive influence to an Asian teenager looking to take up a sport who sees Asian competitors dominating the badminton competition at the Olympics.

How does religion/culture affect participation in sport

Worship commitments, restrictions on diet at certain times of year and cultural beliefs could be barriers to participation. Muslim women have to keep their bodies covered and during Ramadan people are not allowed to eat or drink during daylight. Someone’s culture may affect them as certain sports are more popular in some countries than others. Religion/culture could act as a barrier to a Muslim woman that would like to take up swimming as wearing a standard swimming costume would be against their beliefs.

How does family affect participation in sport

Children with sporty families are more likely to be involved than those who show little interest. Family can support young performers regarding money, transport and encouragement, this can be crucial. However, some family members can make participation difficult by having unrealistic expectations, putting pressure on young people. Family would act as a positive influence to a young boy whose dad encourages him to play rugby by taking him to training, paying for his subs/kit and supporting him at games.

How does education affect participation in sport

All children take part in a variety of sports in PE lessons at school. Lessons, after school clubs, club links and teachers may encourage students to take up a sport outside of school. The facilities that the school has will also influence participation. Examination years can see a decrease in participation due to study commitments. For a student who joined a tennis club after first playing the sport on the school tennis courts in lessons, education would be a positive influence.

How does work affect participation in sport

To participate in sport people need to have free time. Work, school and family commitments limit the time available for someone to train, participate and compete in sport. Younger people are more likely to participate in sport due to having more free time available. For somebody who works shifts, time could act as a barrier as they would be unable to attend regular training sessions due to their shift patterns.

How does cost/disposable income affect participation in sport

Some sports require expensive equipment (sailing, skiing, formula 1 etc.) To participate in some activities you need to be a member which usually involves paying membership fees which can be expensive. Travelling to and from the activity and any fixtures also costs money. Cost would act as a barrier to somebody who wishes to join a gym but cannot afford the monthly membership fees.

How does disability affect participation in sport

Participation in sport for disabled people can be limited by a lack of specialist equipment and facilities, restricted access, discrimination, lack of confidence and limited provision with only a small number of adapted sports. Some disabled people cannot find suitable activities that accommodate their condition and this results in low levels of participation. Disability would be a barrier to a wheel chair user who would like to play rugby but their local wheelchair rugby club is too far away,

How does opportunity/access affect participation in sport

Facilities need to be available and easily accessible. The easier the facilities are to get to the more likely they are to be used. The sporting choices a person makes can depend upon the facilities available, for example if there are no rock climbing facilities less people are likely to participate. Opportunity/access would act as a positive influence to an elderly/disabled person using a swimming pool equipped with a hoist to allow them to get in and out.

How does discrimination affect participation in sport

Unfortunately, people may experience discrimination in sport. This could be for a variety of reasons including gender, age, sexuality, ethnicity, ability/disability or religion. The fear of discrimination may be enough to put people off sports that have a history of discrimination, for example racism in football. For a female boxer whose family object to her participation in the sport, saying she should do dance instead, discrimination could act as a barrier to her participation in boxing.

How does environment/climate income affect participation in sport

Participation in certain sports may depend on where you live. Some sports require certain environments/climates (surfing, skiing, rowing, mountain biking etc.) The climate may be too hot or cold in some countries and could dictate whether an activity is indoor or outdoor (beach volleyball/volleyball). For someone who enjoys surfing the fact that they live by the coast is a positive environmental influence in their participation.

How does media coverage affect participation in sport

The media can play an important part in shaping attitudes to sports participation. Media coverage allows people to see sport and encourages them to try it. However, coverage is largely male dominated and mainly only features a few mainstream sports such as football, rugby, tennis and athletics. Minority, disability and women’s sports are underrepresented and therefore receive less exposure and money to promote their sport. Media coverage would act as a positive influence to a young aspiring footballer as allowing them to see it on TV will promote interest and participation.

How does role models affect participation in sport

The determination and hard work required to be an athlete makes them very good role models. Role models such as Cristiano Ronaldo in football and Simone Biles in gymnastics can inspire children and encourage them to participate. Role models would act as a positive influence to a young person who watches the Olympics and is inspired by a team GB athlete, leading them to taking up a sport.

what is commercialisation

Commercialisation is ‘the act of making something available to be bought or sold for a financial profit’.

what is the media

* TV and Visual
* Social
* Internet
* Newspapers and Magazines

what is sponsorship

the financial support for an event, organisation or performer by an outside agency/body for the mutual benefit of both parties.

What is the influence of the media on the commercialisation of sport

The media has a big influence on the commercialisation of sport with most people, whether the play/watch sport or not, aware of sport through the media.

How are sport, media and sponsorship connected

Sport, media and sponsorship are closely linking in what is known as the golden triangle. Each side of the triangle benefits the others in some way, due to this they depend on the other sides, either financially or for promotion.

How are sport and media linked

Sport uses the media to gain viewers to increase popularity and participation rates. The media broadcast sport as it is very popular and will engage viewers/readers.

How are media and sponsorship linked

Sponsors pay money to access a sports audience through media coverage in the form of adverts. The media use this money to cover more sports/events, use higher quality presenters and to implement technology.

How are sport and Sponsorship linked

Sport relies on money from sponsors to fund wages and new stadiums/players. Sponsors pay money to sportspeople/teams to receive publicity of their brand.

What are the positive effects of the media

* Promote the sport and raise awareness
* Motivate people to take part
* Set high standards for performance
* Promote minority sports
* Promote good role models

What is an example for positive effects of media

An example of the media having a positive effect by covering sport would be the London 2012 Olympic Games. The games were widely covered in the media and led to increased public support, participation in sport and interest as well as creating many role models.

What are the negative effects of the media

* Create a culture where people would rather watch than participate
* Result in high pay per view costs limiting the access for some people
* Highlight poor role models
* Leave minority sport with less coverage and therefore interest/funding
* Reduce spectator attendance at live events

What are the examples of the negative effects of the media

An example of the media having a negative effect by covering sport would be within minority sport. Sports such as hockey receive much less coverage than sports such as football so they will not have the funds to invest in better players and coaches or to promote their sport to new participants.

What are the ethics in sport

* Sportsmanship
* Gamesmanship
* Deviance

What is sportsmanship

Sportsmanship is *‘ethical, appropriate, polite and fair behaviour while participating in a game or athletic event; also known as fair play’.*

What is gamesmanship

Gamesmanship is *‘where the laws of the game are interpreted in ways which are not illegal but are not in the spirit of the game to gain an advantage’.*

What is deviance

Deviance is *‘human behaviour that is against your society’s norms and values. This behaviour is often against the law’.*

Why do athletes take drugs in sports

Performers may take performance enhancing drugs because:

• They have a desire to win at all costs.

• They lack moral boundaries and don’t believe it is wrong.

• They might not be good enough naturally.

• Taking them will result in more success, media attention and money.

• They are influenced by others (coaches/teammates).

• They feel under pressure to win.

How do drugs impact sports

**Advantages**

• Increased chance of success.

• Increased fame through media coverage

• Increased wealth through sponsorship deals.

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**Disadvantages**

• There are many associated health risks.

• It is cheating and immoral – they may have a conscience and feel bad about this.

• There are fines and bans for those who are caught.

• Damaged reputation.

What do anabolic steroids do to your body

* effects on performance
* side effects
* sporting example

Anabolic steroids are drugs that mimic certain natural hormones in the body that control how the body works and develops (eg. Testosterone).

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Effects on performance:

• Increased muscle growth, increasing strength.

• Repair muscles quickly after training.

• Allow you to train harder for longer without getting tired.

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Side effects:

• Increased aggression.

• Liver and heart damage.

• Females develop male features.

Anabolic steroids could be used to benefit performance in athletics, power events and weightlifting.

What do beta blockers do to your body

* effects on performance
* side effects
* sporting example

Beta blockers are drugs that control the heart rate by blocking hormones such as adrenalin.

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Effects on performance:

• Slows down the heart rate, having a calming and relaxing effect.

• Slows down adrenalin production.

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Side effects:

• Heart problems – reduces heart rate to dangerously low levels.

• Low blood pressure.

• Weakness and nausea.

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Beta blockers could be used to benefit performance in events that require a steady hand or fine motor control such as target sports.

What do stimulants do to your body

* effects on performance
* side effects
* sporting example

Stimulants are drugs that stimulate the body physically and mentally.

Examples of these include coffee, nicotine and cocaine.

Effects on performance:

• Increased alertness.

• Reduced tiredness.

• Increased endurance.

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Side effects:

• They raise blood pressure.

• Very addictive.

• Can cause heart failure.

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Stimulants could be used to benefit performance in any sport that requires a quick reaction, for example the sprint start in the 100m.

Why are people violent in sports

There are many reasons why a sportsperson may become violent, these include:

• The frustration of losing.

• Pressure/aggravation from the crowd.

• Retaliation to a challenge/verbal comment.

• Annoyance over poor decisions from the officials.

• As a result of drugs.

What are the characteristics of a skilful movement, using and applying examples

F - fluent

P - pre-determined

A - Aesthetic

C - Co-ordinated

E - Efficient

What is fluent

The skill flows and looks smooth. The skill is performed in one flowing movement.

Sporting example: A trampolinist performing a routine where each movement flows smoothly into the next.

What is pre-determined

The performer knows what they are doing and what they aim to achieve. The skill has a clear objective or goal.

Sporting examples: A gymnast knowing their routine before starting. A badminton player disguising their serve to beat the opponent.

What is aesthetic

The skill looks good and pleasing to the eye.

Sporting examples: A dancer performing a split leap with great technique that looks aesthetically pleasing. A slalom skier racing stylishly between the poles.

What is co-ordinated

All parts of the skill are linked together seamlessly. The skill is performed with control, using limbs, movements and senses at the same time.

Sporting examples: A triple jumpers hop, step and jump movements. A tennis players throw, hit and jump when serving. A footballer positioning and jumping to perform an overhead kick.

what is efficient

When performing the skill there is no wasted effort in the movement. The performer will not waste time or energy when performing the skill.

Sporting example: A swimmer using the perfect technique during the butterfly to move through the water without wasting energy in the fastest time possible. They would not needlessly splash or kick.

How do you classify skills

* Difficulty Continuum Skills can be classified depending on how difficult or complex the movement is. The two characteristics of the difficulty continuum are ‘simple’ and ‘complex’.

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* Skills can be classified according to how much they are affected by the sporting environment. The two characteristics of the environmental continuum are ‘open’ and ‘closed’.

What are simple skills

These are skills where the performer does not need to process much information or make many decisions. The skill only has a small number of parts and doesn’t require much feedback during the skill.

What is complex skills

These are skills where the performer has to process lots of information and make many decisions. The skill has many parts to it and requires feedback during its performance.

What are open skills

These are skills which are affected by the environment. Their timing is usually dependent on external factors which are out of the control of the participant. These skills occur when a performer has to make decisions and adapt their skills to a changing or unpredictable environment.

What are closed skills

These are skills which are not affected by the environment. They are usually self- paced, meaning the participant can control the timing of the skill and when it is performed. They occur in fixed or predictable situations. The performer uses the same technique every time and is in control of what happens next.

how do u set good goals

a good goal must be

s - specific

m - measurable

a - achievable

r - recordable

t - timed

in goal setting what does specific mean

Goals should be clear and focused; the goal should relate directly to the task or skill.

For example, an overall goal may be ‘I want to get fitter’ but this is not specific. It is better to set smaller, more specific goals such as ‘I want to reduce my 5km time by 2 minutes over the next month’ as these act as steps towards a bigger goal.

in goal setting what does measurable mean

Goals must be able to be measured so that the athlete can see if they have achieved the goal or not.

They should be assessed to see how well the performer has done. For example, ‘I want to improve my shooting to score 3 goals over my next 5 matches’ is a measureable goal, as the athlete will know that if they score 3 goals they have hit their goal.

in goal setting what does achievable mean

Goals should be challenging but still within the performers capability. Unrealistically hard or easy goals could demotivate the performer and not allow them to get the best out of their training.

For example, if a footballer scored 11 goals in the first half of the season, setting themselves the goal of scoring 12 goals in the second half of the season would be achievable.

in goal setting what does recorded mean

Goals should be wrote down before the athlete begins to work towards them. They should then write down any progress towards them each week until they hit their goal or reach the time frame of their goal.

For example, a runner with a goal of decreasing their 10km time by 4 minutes would write down their weekly run times.

in goal setting what does timed mean

Goals should have a set time in which they should be completed by. All goals should have an end point with shorter goals being set on the way to a larger goal.

For example, if a runner wants to decrease their 10km time by 4 minutes they would ensure their goal was timed by setting a time frame to achieve this by, such as within the next 2 months.

What are the mental preparation techniques

Imagery

Mental rehearsal

Selective attention

positive thinking

What is imagery in mental preparation

Imagery involves the athlete creating pictures in their mind to get a feeling of the movement or to relax. This technique involves the performer visualising themselves being successful in performance.

Example: A footballer may use imagery before stepping up to take a penalty to visualise the ball hitting the back of the net.

What is mental rehearsal in mental preparation

Mental rehearsal involves going through the activity in your mind to form a mental image of the skill being performed. The performer will picture themselves executing a skill and will practice the skill in their mind, focusing on each stage and the correct technique.

Example: A trampolinist would use mental rehearsal to rehearse their routine. They would also rehearse complex movements such as somersaults before performing.

What is selective attention in mental preparation

Selective attention involves the performer focussing their concentration on what they are doing or about to do, blocking out all other distractions. This may involve filtering out crowd noise, the movement of objects around them and any distraction tactics from the opponents.

Example: A sprinter would use selective attention when in the blocks at the start of the race. They would focus on their start and then the finish line, blocking out the crowd noise and ignoring their opponents.

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What is positive thinking in mental preparation

Positive thinking, also known as self-talk, is when athletes talk to themselves or think positively about past performances to increase self- confidence. The performer is optimistic about their future performance, thinking about doing well and shutting out any negative thoughts. This technique may be used in closed, high- pressure situations, such as a penalty kick, or when a performance is not going well and they need to improve.

Example: A basketball player about to take a free throw which could win the game would use positive thinking to tell themselves ‘you can do it, you’ve done it so many times before’.

What are different types of guidance

Visual guidance

Verbal guidance

Manual guidance

Mechanical guidance

What is visual guidance

__**Visual guidance is when the performer sees the skill being performed or practised.**__

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Visual guidance can show the whole skill, break the skill down into steps or show the skill in a real situation. Examples of visual guidance include demonstrations, images, videos and observations which show the skill.

Advantages:

• A good method for visual learners.

• Good for complete beginners who may not understand terminology.

• Shows the learner what it should look like.

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Disadvantages

• The demonstration must be accurate or it could be learnt incorrectly.

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Example: Aston Villa footballer Glenn Whelan (below) uses visual guidance to demonstrate how to dribble the ball to some children.

What is Verbal Guidance

Verbal guidance is given by an observer after watching you perform. Feedback needs to be constructive in order to help the performer to improve. This must also be specific, accurate and feature the same terminology as the athlete so that they are aware of what and how to improve.

Examples of verbal guidance include coaching points relating to technique, feedback from the coach, peer feedback from team mates and questioning to prompt self-evaluation.

Advantages:

• A good way of communicating clear information quickly.

• Can be used successfully with visual guidance.

Disadvantages

• Needs to be short and simple for beginners and younger athletes.

• Too much information can cause boredom/confusion.

• Performers must understand basic terminology first.

Example: A coach (below) uses verbal guidance to identify and communicate how tennis player Andy Murray can improve.

What is manual guidance

Manual guidance is used when a skill is dangerous or complex, it involves the coach physically guiding or supporting the athlete.

Manual guidance is provided during practice not performance. Advantages:

• This method builds confidence.

• It reduces the risk of injury.

• Allows the performer to ‘feel’ the skill. Disadvantages

• The learner could become dependant on support.

• The proximity of the coach can cause issues for either.

Example: A gymnastics coach would use manual guidance when performers learn a variety of skills, such as a somersault, for safety reasons.

What is mechanical guidance

Mechanical guidance is when a piece of equipment or an aid is used to help a performer to learn or practice a potentially dangerous skill. An example would be a trampolinist using a harness to aid them in performing a somersault for the first time, reducing the chance of a dangerous landing.

Advantages:

• This method builds confidence.

• It reduces the risk of injury.

• Allows the performer to ‘feel’ the skill.

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Disadvantages

• The learner could become dependant on support.

• The feel of the movement can be different to the actual movement.

Example: A child who is learning to swim would use mechanical guidance in the form of a float to ensure they do not drown, allowing them to focus on their leg action.

What are the different types of feeback in sport

* positive feedback
* negative feedback
* intrinsic feedback
* extrensic feedback
* Knowledge of performance
* Knowledge of results

What is positive feedback

This form of feedback is usually given to the performer following a successful outcome. New participants will benefit from plenty of positive feedback as a form of encouragement. An example of positive feedback would be a coach saying ‘well played’ following a goal in football.

What is negative feedback

Negative feedback involves giving information about an unsuccessful outcome. It can be used to give information to make this more successful. Elite athletes will be able to take this feedback constructively but it may discourage new performers. An example of negative feedback would be a coach telling a player that their shot was poor as it was played with too much power.

What is intrinsic feedback

This type of feedback is felt by the actual performer as they carry out a skill or a performance. It is the physical feel of the movement as it is being performed. For example, when a high diver comes out of their movement and enters the water they will know by how it felt whether the dive felt successful or created a lot of splash, resulting in a lower score.

What is extrinsic feedback

This form of feedback is provided by external sources, either during or after a performance. This feedback may come from coaches, teachers, team-mates and could include things that the performer can see or hear such as an instant video replay. A golfer’s caddy and the noise from the crowd would provide them extrinsic feedback following a drive down the fairway.

What is knowledge of performance

This form of feedback focusses on how well the athlete performed, including the quality of the movement and skills involved. A 100m sprinter would use this feedback following a race qualifier. Their coach or video replays may identify to them that they did not have their arms at a 90- degree angle or use them to drive forwards. They could then correct their technique ahead of the final to improve their time and chances of winning.

What is knowledge of results

Knowledge of results focusses on the result at the end of the performance, or the outcome of the movement. This includes the performers score, time or position at the end of the event. A marathon runner would use this form of feedback throughout a race. They would use their split times for each mile to see if they are running at an appropriate pace for them to reach their desired times. This would inform them if they need to pace themselves or speed up.

what is health

a state of complete mental, physical and social well-being

what is fitness

is ‘the ability to meet the physical demands placed on you by the environment’.

what is wellbeing

is ‘the state of being comfortable, healthy or happy’.

what are health benefits of physical activity

* reduced risk of coronary heart disease
* leads to healthy blood pressure
* increased bone density
* increased fitness levels
* prevents obesity
* reduced risk of diabetes
* improved posture

how does exercise reduce risk of coronary heart disease

Exercise can help improve the functioning of the heart and lungs, reducing the chance of CHD.

how does exercise lead to a healthy blood pressure

Exercise improves the efficiency of the body systems so that they can complete everyday tasks easier, putting less pressure on the heart and arteries, reducing blood pressure.

How does exercise prevent obesity

Exercise can help people to lose weight and avoid obesity by ensuring energy is used and does not create fatty deposits.

how does exercise reduce the risk of diabtes

Exercise can reduce the risk of diabetes by keeping weight down, using up glucose and reducing the need for insulin.

how does exercise increase bone density

Exercise increases the strength of the bones meaning they are less likely to be damaged during everyday activities.

How does exercise increase fitness levels

Exercise increases fitness and provides more energy for everyday life.

How does exercise improve posture

People who exercise are more likely to have good posture as exercise strengthens the core and back muscles. This alleviates back pain.

what are emotional health benefits of exercise

* increases self esteem/confidence
* reduces stress
* improves image

how does increase self esteem

Completing or being successful in a sport or activity can lead to a sense of satisfaction. The person will feel better about themselves the more success they experience.

how does exercise reduce stress

Exercise can allow a person to forget about the everyday stresses of life. These stresses may be released by doing yoga or boxing.

how does exercise improve image

Exercise causes the body to release hormones which make you feel happier. It can also make you feel more confident about yourself and your appearance. An active person is more likely to have a good self-image where they feel they look good to others.

what are social health benefits of exercise

* can make new friends
* makes you feel as though you belong to a group or team
* reduces loneliness

how does exercise allow you to make new friends

Exercise can help you to make new friends by meeting people also involved in the sport, such as team mates.

how does exercise make you feel as though you belong

Exercise allows people to belong to a group or a team, for example a netball team, a jogging club or a weekly exercise class.

how does exercise reduce your loneliness

Exercise gives the person the opportunity to meet with others, this may be a sports team. Participation can lead to other interests and friendships beyond the activity.