Science 6 General Rev

egg cell

the female reproductive cell

sperm cell

the male reproductive cell

embryo

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

fetus

a stage in human development extending from about 8 weeks after conception to birth

testosterone

male sex hormone, affects masculinization and reproduction

uterus

organ of the female reproductive system in which a fertilized egg can develop

estrogen

hormone produced by the ovaries; promotes female secondary sex characteristics

testes

The male gonads, which produce sperm and secrete male sex hormones.

chromosomes

thread like structures that have genetic info that is passed down from one generation to the next

zygote

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

community

all populations that live in a certain place

population

group of the same kind of organism living in a certain place

niche

organism's role, or job, in its habitat

consumer

organisms that obtain food by eating other organisms

decomposer

organism that breaks down the wastes or remains of other organisms

producer

organism that makes its own food

food chain

a chain of organisms in which each link feeds on the one ahead and is eaten by the one behind

Predation

An interaction in which one organism kills another for food

respiration

The process in which oxygen and glucose undergo a complex series of chemical reactions inside cells

cilia

Tiny hairlike extensions that can move together in a sweeping motion

bronchi

the passages that direct air into the lungs

alveoli

tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood

larynx

voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords

trachea

Long mucus filled tube that lets air to lungs

diffusion

the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

atrium

each of the two upper chambers of the heart that receives blood that comes into the heart

ventricle

each of the two lower chambers of the heart that pumps blood out of the heart

pacemaker

a group of cells located in the right atrium that sends out signals that make the heart muscle contract and that regulates heart rate

artery

a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

capillary

a tiny blood vessel where substances are exchanged between the blood and the body cells

vein

a blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart

aorta

the largest artery in the body;receives blood from the left ventricle

septum

Divides the right and left chambers of the heart

blood types

four major blood types are A, AB, B, and O

small intestine

digestive organ in which most chemical digestion takes place

liver

largest organ inside the body; it plays a role in many body processes

large intestine

the last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from food and the remaining material is eliminated from the body

anus

where solid waste material is eliminated from the body

digestion

the process by which the body breaks down food into small nutrient molecules

epiglottis

flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering

esophagus

a muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach

mucus

a thick, slippery substance produced by the body that provides protection

peristalsis

involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system

stomach

large muscular sac that continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of food

nutrients

substances in food that your body needs to grow, to repar itself, and to supply you with energy

chemical digestion

the digestion process in which enzymes are used to break foods into their smaller chemical buiding blocks

protein

a class of nutrients that builds body tissues and supplies energy. protein is made of amino acids.

kidney

organ that removes urea, excess water, and other waste products from the blood and passes them to the ureter

urethra

tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

starches

Complex carbohydrates that are composed of many sugars linked together.

pharynx

throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx. Also part of respiratory and digestive system.

mechanical digestion

the physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces

cerebrum

inputs the senses, controls movement and carries out complex mental processes

cerebellum

coordinates actions of your muscles and helps keep balance

medulla

lies between the cerebellum and spinal cord it controls involuntary actions

reflex

a response that happens automatically

stimulus

any change or signal in the environment that can make an organism react in some way

nerve Impulse

the message carried by a neuron

sensory neuron

a neuron that picks up stimuli from the internal or external environment and converts each stimulus into a nerve impulse

motor neuron

a neuron that sends an impulse to a muscle or gland, causing the muscle or gland to react

Auditory Nerve

the nerve that carries impulses from the inner ear to the brain, resulting in the perception of sound

Optic Nerve

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

cartilage

tough, flexible connective tissue

spongy bone

part of bone with many small pores or spaces

cardiac muscle

type of muscle found only in the heart

smooth muscle

muscle that causes movements that you cannot control

striated muscle

muscle attached to the skeleton, making movement possible

ball and socket joint

can move in any direction

gliding joint

allow some movement in all directions

hinge joint

allows movement in only one direction

pivotal joint

allows movement from side to side and up and down

Strain

Damaging or pulling a muscle

dislocation

A bone that comes out of its joint

fracture

To break or crack a bone

Sprain

To injure a joint by twisting or tearing its muscles or ligaments

Compact bone

Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone

Pituitary (master gland)

Growth Hormone

Controls body growth, blood pressure, and water balance

Thyroid

Thyroxin

Controls metabolism, which is the release of energy from food molecules inside cells

Adrenal

Adrenalin

controls muscle reaction and body's response in emergency situation

ovaries

estrogen and progesterone

develops female characteristics and triggers egg cell production, which prepares body for reproduction

testes

testosterone

develops male characteristics and triggers sperm cell production

pancreas

Insulin

controls the level of glucose or blood sugar in body

Metabolism

rate that your body changes food into energy and burns calories

Hypothalamus

link between the nervous system and the endocrine system. It acts like a bridge to communicate between them. It helps maintain homeostasis.

gonads

male and female reproductive glands

hormone

a chemical messenger secreted by a gland and travels to one or more target organs, where it brings about responses.

cell membrane

thin structure that surrounds a cell

cytoplasm

gel like substance inside cell that holds the organelles

cell wall

outer, nonliving part of a plant cell

chlorophyll

green material in chloroplasts that is needed for plants to make food

chloroplast

green structure in a plant cell that contains chlorophyll

osmosis

movement of water through a membrane

mitochondria

rice-shaped structures that produce energy for a cell

vacuoles

liquid-filled spaces in the cytoplasm

3 jobs of the cell membrane

protect, give shape, let materials in and out

photosynthesis

plant makes its own food from light energy

electromagnetism

relationship between electricity and magnetism

Ohm's Law

resistance is equal to the voltage divided by the current

series circuit

circuit in which electric current follows only one path

parallel circuit

circuit in which electric current can follow more than one path