Patho Vascular Disorders

Tunica intima

The innermost layer of an artery, composed of endothelial cells, collagen, basement membrane, and fibrous connective tissue.

Tunica media

The thickest layer of an artery, containing smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue.

Tunica adventitia

The outer protective and anchoring layer of the vessel that holds arteries in place and has its own blood supply.

Atherosclerosis

The most common type of vascular disorder, characterized by the hardening of the arteries due to plaque buildup.

Hypertension

Elevated blood hydrostatic pressure, defined as above 130/90 for men and above 150/90 for women.

Medial calcific sclerosis

A type of vascular disorder that occurs mainly in individuals over 50 years old, involving calcified tunica media.

Arteriolosclerosis

A type of vascular disorder primarily due to hypertension, leading to the thickening and hardening of small arteries.

Atheroma

A characteristic lesion in atherosclerosis which is a focal thickening of the intima due to lipid deposition.

Complicated lesion or atheroma

An advanced form of atheroma that has a ruptured internal elastic lamina, calcium deposits, thrombus formation, and necrosis.

Hyperlipidemia

A condition characterized by elevated levels of lipids in the blood, which is a risk factor for atherosclerosis.

Familial hypercholesterolemia

An inherited disorder characterized by high cholesterol levels, leading to an increased risk of heart disease.

Thrombosis

The formation of a thrombus (blood clot) that can occlude blood vessels, often associated with atherosclerosis.

Aneurysm

An abnormal bulging of a blood vessel due to weakened walls, which can lead to rupture and be fatal.

Varicose veins

Superficial leg veins that have become dilated and twisted, causing pooling of blood.

Phlebitis

Inflammation of a vein that can cause pain and swelling, often due to infection or thrombosis.

Hemorrhage

Excessive bleeding that can occur if varices rupture, especially in cases of esophageal varices due to portal hypertension.