Anatomy and Physiology I: Articulations Midterm Review (copy)

Cartilage Tissue

Avascular connective tissue providing support and flexibility.

Hyaline Cartilage

The most prevalent type of cartilage, found in articular surfaces and the nose.

Elastic Cartilage

Cartilage that contains elastic fibers, found in the ear and epiglottis.

Fibrocartilage

Strong cartilage with abundant fibrous elements, found in intervertebral disks.

Chondrocytes

Cells that produce the extracellular matrix of cartilage.

Perichondrium

A fibrous covering that surrounds cartilage.

Avascular

A tissue without blood vessels; cartilage is avascular.

Interstitial Growth

Growth mechanism where cartilage cells divide and secrete new matrix.

Appositional Growth

Growth mechanism where new matrix is added to the surface of cartilage.

Articulation

The point of contact between two bones.

Synarthroses

Immovable joints.

Amphiarthroses

Slightly movable joints.

Diarthroses

Freely movable joints.

Fibrous Joints

Joints connected by dense connective tissue with little to no movement.

Syndesmoses

A type of fibrous joint where ligaments connect two bones.

Sutures

Interlocking joints found only in the skull.

Gomphoses

The attachment between tooth roots and mandible/maxilla.

Cartilaginous Joints

Joints connected by cartilage allowing limited movement.

Synchondroses

Joints where hyaline cartilage unites articulating bones.

Symphyses

Fibrocartilage disc connecting two bones.

Synovial Joints

Freely movable joints with a fluid-filled joint capsule.

Joint Capsule

Encloses a synovial joint.

Synovial Fluid

Fluid secreted by the synovial membrane that lubricates joints.

Articular Cartilage

Cartilage covering the surfaces of bones in a joint.

Menisci

Crescent-shaped cartilage structures providing cushioning in joints.

Bursae

Fluid-filled sacs reducing friction between moving parts in joints.

Hinge Joints

Uniaxial joints allowing flexion and extension, like the elbow.

Pivot Joints

Allow rotational movement, such as the radius rotating against the ulna.

Saddle Joints

Biaxial joints allowing movement in two planes, like the thumb.

Condyloid Joints

Joints where an oval condyle fits into an elliptical socket.

Ball-and-Socket Joints

Most movable joints, allowing movement in multiple directions.

Gliding Joints

Joints allowing limited sliding movements between two bones.

Flexion

Movement that decreases the angle between bones.

Extension

Movement that increases the angle between bones.

Hyperextension

Extension beyond the anatomical position.

Plantar Flexion

Increases the angle between the foot and leg.

Dorsiflexion

Decreases the angle between the foot and leg.

Abduction

Movement away from the median plane of the body.

Adduction

Movement towards the median plane of the body.

Rotation

Movement pivoting a bone around its axis.

Circumduction

Moving a part in a circular motion.

Supination

Turning the palm upward.

Pronation

Turning the palm downward.

Inversion

Turning the sole of the foot inward.

Eversion

Turning the sole of the foot outward.

Protraction

Moving a part forward.

Retraction

Moving a part backward.

Elevation

Moving a part upward.

Depression

Lowering a part.

Goniometer

Instrument used to measure joint angles and range of motion.

Range of Motion (ROM)

Measurement of the extent and direction of movement of joints.

Avascular Connective Tissue

Tissue without a direct blood supply.

Costal Cartilages

Hyaline cartilage connecting ribs to the sternum.

Chondrification Centers

Areas where specialized cells form cartilage.

Articular Surfaces

The surfaces of bones where they come together in a joint.

Tissue Variability

Differences in types of cartilage based on matrix composition.

Shock Absorbers

Functions of cartilage allowing it to cushion joints.