COMD Midterm

Communication Depends on...

• Cooperation 

• Shared conventions 

• Shared understandings and knowledge  

• Social Rules - Grice’s Maxims

Grice’s Maxims

Quantity, Quality, Relevance, Manner

Quantity =

TMI, too much or too little  

Quality =

truthfulness of the content, accurate 

Relevance

does it relate what we're talking about? 

Manner =

eye contact, body language, pragmatics, use (changes based on cultural) 

Halliday's Communicative Functions

• Regulatory

• Interactional

• Personal

• Informative

• Heuristic

• Instrumental

• Imaginative

• Regulatory –

directing others (applies to them) 

• Interactional

- socializing 

Personal

– sharing your emotions, feelings, thoughts 

Informative

• – teaching someone to do something 

Heuristic

• – communicating to gain information 

Instrumental

getting someone else to do something for you (necessities) (applies to you) 

Imaginative

fake, barbie dreamhouse 

Processes Involved in Communication 

language, speech, hearing

Language –

many different modes of language, planning, formulation, comprehension = formulation and comprehension 

Speech –

only one mode of language, auditory output = transmission 

• Hearing –

sensory processing, the way we perceive other people = comprehension 

 

Requirements to Become a Speech-Language Pathologist 

• Master's degree in speech-language pathology 

• 400 hours of supervised clinical work 

• Pass a national exam (PRAXIS) 

• 9-month clinical fellowship 

• Credentials from ASHA (CCC-SLP) 

  - CCC = certificate of Clinical competence 

  - ASHA – American Speech-Language Hearing Association 

Requirements to Become an Audiologist 

• Doctor of audiology degree (Au.D.) (4 years post-bac) 

• 1820 hours of supervised clinical work 

• Credentials from ASHA (CCC-A) 

Career – Settings 

 

• Schools 

• Hospitals 

• Rehab facilities 

• Skilled nursing 

• Facilities 

• Early intervention 

• Home health 

• Community clinics 

• Private clinics 

Anatomical Systems Related to Speech and Language 

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy =

structures

Physiology =

functions

Anatomical systems used in speech and language 

phonatory, respiration, articulatory

Phonatory System

- sound source 

 larynx, vocal folds, trachea,  

Respiratory System

- power source 

  - lungs push air up the trachea to your vocal folds 

Articulatory System

- filter source 

  - changing jaw and tongue position 

  - mandible, pharynx, lips, tongue, hard palate/soft palate 

Broca's area

– frontal lobe = expressive language and language production, non-fluent (aphasia) 

Wernicke’s Area

– temporal lobe =  language comprehension, fluent 

Principles of Brain Organization

Interconnectedness

Specialization

Plasticity

Sensitive/Critical Period

Hierarchical Organization

Interconnectedness

everything works together, all parts of the brain work together 

Specialization

certain areas of the brain do specific tasks 

Plasticity

the brain's capability to change, can fix problems 

Sensitive/Critical Period

this period of development teaches how to develop their reasoning skills, organize information, and understand their environment 

Hierarchical Organization

more simple, regulatory functions (regulation of respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature) are mediated by the lower parts of the brain (brainstem and midbrain) and the most complex functions (language and abstract thinking) by its most complex cortical structures 

Language =

A socially shared code that uses a rule-based system to represent concepts to others 

Language Needs to Have

  - socially shared 

  - code = arbitrary 

  - rule-based = grammar, form – phonology (sound), morphology (word), syntax (structure) 

  - representation = thoughts and feelings, internal 

Language Domains

Content, Form, Use

Content =

Semantics

• meaning of language

• Includes: lexicon and vocabulary

Form =

syntax, morphology, phonology

organization of language

Pragmatics =

Social purposes of language

conversational skills (turn taking, eye contact, topic repair)

Theories of Language Acquisition 

Imitation Theory, Nativist Theory, Interactionist Theory

Imitation Theory

B.F. Skinner

• children learn language through imitation and reinforcement

• but…child language is creative

Nativist Theory

Noam Chomsky

• "at birth all children possess an innate universal grammar" 

• But...learning styles differ, and learning context affects the way a child learns and uses language 

Interactionist Theories

• Language acquisition is an interaction of abilities and dispositions that a child brings to the task and social pragmatic factors 

• Child's abilities + social factors = language acquisition 

Social and Emotional Learning =

Critical for effective language use throughout the lifespan and includes a variety of skills and behaviors

• emotion understanding, perspective taking, knowledge of social rules and expectations

Emotion Understanding =

  - recognizing your own emotions 

  - naming emotions 

  - reading facial expressions 

  - understanding which types of situations elicit emotion 

  - anticipating one's actions 

Perspective Taking

• What do other think and feel? 

• How someone else might respond to a situation 

Knowledge of social rules and expectations 

• Communicate differently in different contexts (friends vs. Teachers) 

Language Development

6-9 months = joint attention and emotional sharing 

12 months = first words 

16 months = overextension 

18 months = two-word combinations 

Pre-school age = decontextualized language 

School age = literacy 

Decontextualized =

outside of the here and now 

Generalizability =

used beyond a single context 

Intelligibility =

recognizable pronunciation 

Developmental Language Disorder

cause: unknown

prevalence: 7% of kindergartners

what’s hard?

• Language skills (writing skills, grammar, narratives, word finding 

• Social/emotional skills (understanding facial expressions, isolating) 

Autism spectrum disorder

• Cause: unknown (NOT VACCINES) 

• Prevalence; 1 in 59 

• Dianostic Criteria: social communication, restricted interests and repetitive behaviors  

Intellectual Disorder

• Cause 

  - chromosomal Disorders 

  - toxicity 

  - infection 

  - trauma 

• Diagnostic Criteria 

  -  Significant limitations in: 

  - intellectual functioning 

  - adaptive behavior 

• Originating before age 18 

Developmental Language Disorders

ASD, ID

Acquired Language Disorders

Ischemic, Hemorrhagic

Ichsmeic

blockage or clotting of artery which keep oxygen from getting to the brain

Thrombosis and Embolism

Thrombosis

buildup of plaque in artery in the brain

Embolism

• piece of plaque breaks off from larger artery and travels to a small artery, which it occludes 

Hemorrhagic

– bursting or rupturing of a blood vessel, which causes blood to enter the brain 

BE FAST

B - balance 

E - eyes 

F - face 

A – arms 

S - speech 

T - time 

Aphasia

Cause: Damage to the left side of the brain from stroke, trauma, ect.. (what happens to the rest of the body) 

Types of Aphasia

Fluent, Non-Fluent, Wernicke’s, Broca’s Aphasia

Fluent Aphasia

• Longer phrases 

• Logorrhea 

• Paraphasias 

Non-fluent Aphasia

• Short phrases 

• Agrammatisms 

• Labored/effortful speech 

Wernicke’s Aohasia

• Poor comprehension 

• Poor repetition 

• Relatively spared naming 

Broca’s Aphasia

• Relatively spared comprehension 

• Poor repetition 

• Poor naming 

 

Aphasia Treatments

• Medical model 

• Life participation Approach 

Right Hemisphere Dysfunction Symptoms

Anosognosia, Left Neglect, Social communication problems, difficulties

Anosognosia

lack of understanding that something is wrong

RHD Left neglect -

egocentric and allocentric 

RHD Social communication problems

  - staying on topic 

  - non-responsiveness to others 

  - inappropriate 

RHD Difficulty with:

  - problem solving 

  - reasoning 

  - abstract thought  

Tramatic Brain Injury - Types

• Closed 

• Open  

• Polytrauma 

TBI Severity Levels

• Mild 

• Moderate 

• Severe 

Symptoms of mTBI (mild TBI) 

• Dizziness 

• Blurred vision 

• Vomiting 

• Confusion 

• Ringing in ears 

• Slurred speech 

• Nausea 

• Headaches 

Dementia =

• Progressive deterioration of cognitive function due to central nervous system dysfunction 

Features of Dementia

  - progressive:

  - gradual onset:

  - may affect language in many ways 

progressive dementia

functioning will continue to deteriorate

gradual onset

impairments start mild and gradually get worse over time 

3 Defining Traits of Dementia

  - memory impairment 

  - impaired cognitive skills 

  - perceptual deficites 

Types of Speech Sound Disorders

Phonological Disorder and Articulation Disorder

Phonological Disorder

- effects underlying representation 

      - predictable, rule-based errors 

      - cannot perceive or produce the difference between phonemes 

  - typically more involved 

Articulation Disorder

  - effects surface representation 

      - sound production, not meaning  

      - can perceive difference between phonemes, just can't produce them 

  - typically less involved  

 

Developmental Expectations for Speech - Early 8

mastery by 3 ish

M, b, y, w, n, d, p, h 

  Developmental Expectations for Speech - Middle 8

mastery by 4 ish

T, ng, k, g, f, v, ch, dg,  

Developmental Expectations for Speech - Late 8

Sh, s, z, th, th, r, l, zh 

Intelligibility (ability for an unfamiliar adult to understand) 

2 years: 50% 

3 years: 75% 

4 years: 100% 

Speech Sound Disorders Treatments and Phoneme Classification - Treatments 

• Developmental approach 

• Complexity approach 

• Cycles approach 

• Metaphon approach 

Classifying Phonemes 

• Manner 

• Place 

• Voicing 

Apraxia of Speech =

motor programming deficit

types of apraxia

  - childhood apraxia of speech 

  - acquired apraxia of speech 

  - primary progressive apraxia of speech 

Common Characteristics of Apraxia

  - slow rate 

  - distorted sounds 

  - impaired prosody (excess and equal stress) 

  - articulatory groping 

  - inconsistent errors 

Dysarthria

Motor execution deficits

Deficits in Dysarthria

- muscle tone 

  - muscle strength 

  - range 

  - steadiness 

  - speed  

  - coordination 

• intelligibility decreased

• consistent articulation errors