themes in innovation

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/ai-snake-oil-thoughts-chapters-1-2-mark-spykerman-yprae NEXTTT: https://www.cs.princeton.edu/~sayashk/ai-hype/ai-reporting-pitfalls.pdf

Actual Innovation

the profitable combination of new or existing knowledge, resourses, and/or technologies. __

Innovation Speak

trumpets the importance of innovation while turning the term into an overused buzzword.

Lee Vinsel

Associate professor in the department of science, technology and society at virginia tech

Andrew L. Russell

Provost and Vice president for academic affairs at SUNY Polytechnic institute

Hackathon

A rapid design, one-off event often associated with solving a problem (somers, 2018)

Intrapreneur

acting like an entrepreneur within an established company. Its creating a new business or venture within an organization (Somers, 2018)

Incubator

A program that gives very early-stage companies access to mentorship investors and other support to help them get established (BDC, 2023)

Unicorn

A privately held start-up company valued at over US $1 billion (Lee, 2013).

the myth of the individual genius

celebrations of inventors often overlooked the fact that technologies came from many heads and hands rather than a single mastermind

The myth of novelty

Rather than creating something brand new, innovations are “drawing on long-standing traditions of thought.”

The importance of Maintenance

Disruptive innovation (Clayton Christensen)

Not breakthrough technologies; rather are innovations that make products and services more accessible and affordable, thereby making them available to a larger population.

Disrupters start by appealing to ___ and then migrate to the mainstream market

low-end or unserved consumers

Design Thinking

a product you can sell to individuals and firms who are desperate to be innovators but do not want to go through years of training to become actual designers.

Innovation Experts

for-profit advisory groups and consultants “who offered up visions and plans for how to make individuals, organizations, even cities, regions, and entire nations more innovative.”

Disruptive innovation

those who were really concerned [about being disrupted by new technologies] could hire christensen’s consulting firm

The Creative Class Riichard Florida)

Design thinking

product you can sell to individuals and firms who are desperate to be innovators but do not want to go through years of training to become actual designers

Vinsel and Andrews define innovation as…

change that can be measured because it generate profits

What makes a successful disruptive innovation?

Enabling technology, innovative business model, coherent value network. __ Lecture 2

The gender data gap

is not generally malicious or even deliberate. It is simply the product of a way of thinking that has been around for millennia and is therefore a kind of not thinking.

Digital Ageism is rooted in…

the “belief that older adults are incapable of using technology.

reference man

an arbutrary physiological standard used to represent humanity as a whole

Why is reference man problematic

doesnt apply to women and doesnt apply to a lot of men either

What are the the stats of reference man

white man, 25-35 years old, 5’9, 155 lbs

Pattern recognition

something that looks similar to something that has worked in the past.

Universal Design principles: (1) Equitable use

Designed for people with all kinds of disabilities

Universal Design principles: (2) Flexibility in use

can be configured in various ways to accommodate a persons needs

Universal Design principles: (3) Simple and intuitive use

the design is easy to understand for everybody

Universal Design principles: (4) perceptible information

the design can communicate all of its necessary information to everyone

Universal Design principles: (5) tolerance for error

The design minimizes hazards and accidents

Universal Design principles: (6) Low physical effort

the design can be used efficiently, comfortable, and with minimum fatique

Universal Design principles: (7) size and space for approach and use

the design shouldnt restrict anyone by its size or space.

Norman Door

Any door that is confusing to use

Human-centered design: DIscoverability

The ability to discover what operations one can do

Human-centered design: feedback

A signal to confirm what happened

Synthia Gorney

lecture 4

Key Components of Creativity: Novelty

the product or idea must be original, rare, or statistically infrequent

Key Components of Creativity: Usefulness

The product or ideas must have value; it must meet a need or solve a problem

Key Components of Creativity: Social Context

The novelty and usefulness of the product or idea must be recognized within the social context in which it is embedded.

Gestalt Psychologists Kohlberg (LECTURE 555)

Four-stage model of creativity: Preparation

“Determining the goals, defining the problem, and established criteria for verifying the solution’s acceptability" - a conscious planning process

Four-stage model of creativity: Incubation

“direct conscious efforts to solve the problem should be abandoned in favour of contemplation at an unconscious level. During this stage, creative problem-solving still continues, but occurs below conscious awareness” (p. 8)

Four-stage model of creativity: Illumination

“The sudden realization of the solution results from the unconscious minds successful problem-solving. unlike the other stages, this is often very brief, involving a rapid rush of insight within a few seconds

Four-stage model of creativity: Verification

“The conscious mind evaluates and refines ideas and solutions that have emerged during the stage of illumination, and these ideas are assessed by the criteria defined in the preparation stage.” (p. 8)

Remote associates test (Sarnoff Mednick and Martha T. Mednick, 1962)

“proposed that creativity is the process of forming new associations or ideas by creating novel combinations of elements”

The remote associates test was based on the idea that…

creativity is a result of forming associations, therefore he presented praticipants with a triad of verbal elements and instructed them to formulate the remote words to associate the three elements in each group of the triad

Divergent thinking (J.P. Guilford, 1967)

Creativity is “the intellectual ability to think of many novel, diverse, and elaborate ideas” (p.10)

Creativity features of the responses #1: Fluency

The sheer quantity of responses

Creativity features of the responses #2: Originality

Responses that are given by very few respondents

Creativity features of the responses #3: Flexibility

Responses that come from different categories

Creativity features of the responses #4: Elaboration

The amount of detail in a response

the consensual assessment technique is notable because of its…

inclusion of subject evaluation by experts within the discipline.

Big- C Creativity

Has global significance and is useful to society as a whole

Little-c Creativity

Has personal value and is restricted in usefulness to a specific individual or only a few people

Pro-c creativity - precede big-C

The professional level of a creative product that is a result of sustained effort and deliberate practice.

Mini-c Creativity - precedes little-c

The first attempt to be creative in a particular domain often through play or learning a new task.

What is the central argument for ___

Confirmation bias

reinforcing a choice so that we can maintain a commitment to the way that we’ve always done things

Escalation of Commitment

Once we have committed to something, we double down and continue to commit to it over time.

Sink-cost fallacy

The phenomenon whereby a person is reluctant to abandon a strategy or couse of action because they have invested heavily in it, even when it is clear that abandonment would be more beneficial.

Method of responding to paradoxical challenges: wrecking ball phenomenon

Method of responding to paradoxical challenges: tight rope walking

Both/And Thinking asks us to lean into…

paradoxes, even though these paradoxes generate tension and require us to sit with the discomfort of not being able to perfectly resolve the paradox in one direction or the other.

Makerspaces

provide users with professional-grade tools and community expertise for the purposes of pursuing interest-driven projects

Makerspace Ethos: Tinkering

characterize by a playful, experimental, iterative style of engagement, in which makers continually reassessing their goals, exploring new paths, and imagining new possibilities.

Promissory

containing or conveying a promise or assurance

Promissory Discourses in long-term care: Social connection

Ai will decrease residents’ loneliness and social isolation

Promissory Discourses in long-term care: monitoring and detection

By automating administrative and support tasks, Ai will free up clinicians’ schedules for more individualized care

Promissory Discourses in long-term care: Clinical uses

Ai will increase ‘objectivity’

Technological determinism

the idea progress is driven by technology, and that technologies are inevitable

Generative Ai

Technology that is capable of generating text, images, or other media.

Predictive Ai in Ai Snake Oil

makes predictions about the future in order to guide decision-making in the present.

snake oil

a substance with no real medical value sold as a remedy for all diseases

Ai snake oil is Ai that…

does not and cannot work as advertised

COMPAS

relies on defendants’ answers to 137 questions to make decisions about them. Includes questions about their past history of crime or failure to appear for court cases.

PSA stands for…

Public safety Assessment

automation bias

an overreliance on automated decisions

overautomation

when Ai is used to make decisions without offering any recourse to decision subjects.

Access Journalism

maintaining good relationships with Ai companies so that they can get access to interview subjects and advance product releases.

Philosopher Harry Frankfurt defined bullsh*t as…

speech that is intended to persuade without regard for the truth.

Deepfakes

Using seconds-long clips of a person’s voice, Ai can create a realistic audio clip of that person, reading any text.

Types of Cognitive Biases

Web Scraping has become…

the standard way to connect text or images from the internet for Ai training.

Criti-Hype

Criticism that ends up portraying technology as all powerful instead of calling out its limitations.

Type of Cognitive Biases (pp. 7

The Illusion of Explanatory Depth

Individuals believe they understand complex concepts more deeply than they actually do.

Halo effect

our tendency to judge a product or technology based on a few select examples

Priming

when past exposure to a concept leads to overemphasizing its importance in future decisions

Illusory Truth effect

the mere repetition of inaccurate information can lead us to think its true

Anchoring

Individuals rely heavily on the first piece of information encountered when forming opinions or making decisions

Confirmation bias (Ai)

our tendency to seek out information that justifies our beliefs instead of challenging them

Quantification Bias

we tend to overvalue quantitative evidence to the detriment of qualitative or contextual evidence about an application

Techno-Solutionism

The idea that Ai can solve all social problems.

Artifical Intelligence

an umbrella term for a set of loosely related technologies.

What are two items that are more biased to men in chapter 8 of Invisible women: One-Size-Fits-Men

Pianos and iPhones

In chapter 8 of Invisible Women, voice recognition understands male voices better.

true

In chapter 9 of Invisible women: Sea of Dudes; when technology is targeted towards women, companies and start-ups have a harder time being taken seriously.

true

content modernation Ai

technology desgined to detect and remove harmful or rule-breaking content online.