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Energy conversion
The process of transforming light energy into cellular energy (ATP) for growth and metabolism.
Cellular Respiration
The process that converts glucose into ATP and includes aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Aerobic Respiration
A type of cellular respiration that requires oxygen and occurs in mitochondria, yielding more ATP.
Anaerobic Respiration
A type of cellular respiration that occurs when oxygen is scarce, producing less ATP.
Mitochondria
Organelles known as the powerhouse of cells, where ATP is primarily synthesized.
Photosynthesis
The process in which plants convert water, carbon dioxide, and light energy into glucose and oxygen.
Catabolic pathways
Metabolic pathways that degrade larger molecules to release energy.
Glycolysis
The process occurring in the cytoplasm that converts glucose to pyruvate, yielding 2 ATP.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
The process in which oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor enabling high ATP yields via the electron transport chain.
Alcohol Fermentation
A fermentation process in yeast that converts pyruvate into ethanol and carbon dioxide.
Lactic Acid Fermentation
A fermentation process in muscle cells that converts pyruvate into lactic acid under low oxygen conditions.
Electron carriers
Molecules like NADH and FADH2 that transport high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain for ATP production.
Aerobic Respiration
A type of cellular respiration that requires oxygen and occurs in mitochondria, yielding more ATP.
Anaerobic Respiration
Occurs when oxygen is scarce, producing less ATP, includes processes like alcohol fermentation in yeast.
Mitochondria
Known as the powerhouse of cells, where ATP is primarily synthesized.
Photosynthesis
The process through which plants convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose) using carbon dioxide and water.
Glycolysis
The process occurring in the cytoplasm that converts glucose to pyruvate, yielding 2 ATP.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
A stage in cellular respiration where oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor, enabling high ATP yields (26-28 ATP per glucose).
Electron Carriers
Molecules like NADH and FADH2 that transport high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain.
Carbon Fixation
The process of converting CO2 into organic compounds during the Calvin Cycle.
Rubisco
An enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin Cycle.
G3P (Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate)
A three-carbon molecule produced during the Calvin Cycle that can be used to form glucose.
