Chapter 8: Association Claims / Correlation

These flashcards cover key concepts and definitions related to Chapter 8 on association claims and correlations.

What are associative claims?

Describes the relationship between measured variables.

What does a correlation coefficient (r) indicate?

The extent to which two variables (x and y) vary together.

What is the range of values for a correlation coefficient?

0 to 1, representing the strength of the relationship.

How are correlation coefficients interpreted in terms of effect size?

Small effect: ±0.10, Medium effect: ±0.30, Large effect: ±0.50.

What does a scatterplot illustrate?

The relationship between two continuous variables.

What does a value of 1 indicate on a correlation line?

It indicates a perfect positive linear relationship.

What does H0 represent in null hypothesis significance testing (NHST)?

The assumption that there is no relationship between the variables (ρ = 0).

What does H1 indicate in hypothesis testing for correlation?

There is a relationship between the variables (ρ ≠ 0).

What elements are necessary for internal validity?

Covariance and temporal precedence.

What is a spurious variable?

An intervening variable that explains the relationship between two other variables.

What is a mediating variable?

An intervening variable that helps explain the relationship between two other variables.

What are the functions of a moderating variable?

A variable that changes the strength or direction of the relationship between two other variables.

What is the importance of sample size in correlation analysis?

Outliers have a greater impact on smaller sample sizes.

What is the relationship between confidence intervals and p-values in statistical validity?

Wider confidence intervals indicate less precision; if '0' is included, it suggests retaining the null hypothesis.

What is an external validity consideration for associative claims?

Whether the results can be generalized to other samples, time periods, or cultures.

What distinguishes a quasi-experiment from a correlation?

In a quasi-experiment, the independent variable is not manipulated but groups are formed and control is possible.

How can outliers affect statistical validity?

Outliers can significantly influence the correlation coefficient and overall results.

What is construct validity?

The extent to which a test measures the concept it intends to measure.