AP HUG Unit 2

Arable Land

Fertile Land

Demography

The spatial and ecological aspects of population

Ex. Distribution, Density, Fertility, Gender, Health, Age, Mortality, Migration

Population Density

Measure of population per unit area

ex. Total population/ Total land are= people per square unit

Unevenly distributed across world

Carrying Capacity

The population beyond which a given environment cannot provide support without becoming significantly damaged

More accurate representation of overpopulation

Total population/ Total arable land area

Can be eased by increased trade for needed resources

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

Number of births per year per thousand people

Total Fertility Rate

Average number of children born to a woman in her reproductive life time

Zero Population Rate

When there is no increase or decrease in poplation

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The deaths per year per 1000 people

Highest Death rates: Sub-Saharan Africa

Population Explosion

A dramatic increase in world population since 1900

Causes: Steep decline in death rate without decline in fertility rate

Humans have begun to reproduce at an exponential rate

Malthusian Theory

Global population grows at a faster rate (Exponential) than people are able to produce food (Linear)

Results in worldwide famine that will ultimately control population

Neo Malthusians

Suggest that Malthus's hypothesis may still be correct

Sustainability: Can we keep producing the way we are?- Farming practices deplete nutrients in soil, depletion of irrigation sources

Increasing Per Capita Demand: What if everyone ate as much as 1st world countries?- As 3rd countries develop their populations will demand more food

Natural Resource Depletion: What happens if we run out of other nonrenewable materials?- Depleting other resources such as timber, oil and minerals negatively effects quality of life

Population Pyramid

Percentage of the total population in fiver year age groups

Youngest at bottom oldest at top

Males on left Females on right

Length of bar represents the percentage of the total population

Dependency Ratio

The percentage of population that is either too young or too old to work compared to the working population

Too young= 0-14 years old, Too old= over 65 years old

Highest dependency ratio in Sub-Saharan Africa

USA= 50.4%

Social Consequences of Dependency Ratio

Changing roles of children/elders

Increasing "grey power"= elderly are generally conservative

Increased immigration

Senior neighborhoods

Decline of services for youth

Growth of services for elderly

Social conflict

Economic Consequences of Dependency Ratio

Increased government cost to society due to government programs and taxes

Increased economic pressure on labor force

Labor supply issues= not enough workers

Changes in employment opportunity

Economic pressure on adult children

Sex Ratio

Number of males per 100 females in the population

Developed Countries have more women than men

Asian countries have more men than women

Demographic Transition Model Stage 1

High death rates and high birth rates

Produces no long term natural increase

Hunter gathering societies

When a population has food the birth rate will increase- Usually not sustainable

High birth and death rate

Examples: A few remote groups

Reasons for change in birth rate DTM 1

Many children needed for farming. Many children die at early age. Religious/ social encouragement. No family Planning

Reasons for change in death rate DTM 1

Disease, famine, poor medical knowledge so many children die.

Demographic Transition Model Stage 2

High birth rate and rapidly falling death rates

Very high natural increase

North America and Europe enter in the 1750's- Advancements of industrial revolution increased standard of living

Latin America and Asia enter in the 1950's- Medical revolution increased health care

Examples: Egypt, Kenya, India

Reasons for change in birth rate DTM 2

Same as DTM 1 Many children needed for farming. Many children die at early age, Religious/social encouragement, no family planning.

Reasons for change in death rate DTM 2

Improvement in medical care, water supply and sanitation. Fewer children die.

Demographic Transition Model Stage 3

Death rate falls more slowly

Birth rates rapidly decline and death rates continue to decline

Rate of natural increase begins to moderate

Decision to have fewer children- live in cities reaction to decline in mortality

North America and Europe enter in early 1900's

Examples: Brazil

Reasons for change in birth rate DTM 3

Improved medical care and diet. Fewer children needed

Reasons for change in death rate DTM 3

Sames as Stage 2, Improvements in medical care, water supply and sanitation and fewer children die.

Demographic Transition Model Stage 4

Very low birth rates and death rates

Virtually no long term increases and possible decline

Characterized by zero population growth

Social Customs cause shift- increasing status of women, more likely to use birth control

Examples: USA, Japan, France, UK

Reasons for change in birth rate DTM 4

Family Planning, Good health, improving status of women, later marriages

Reasons for change in death rate DTM 4

Good health care, reliable food supply

Demographic Transition model Stage 5

Very low birth rates, low death rates, slow decrease in Natural Increase

Examples: Germany

Have few women in child bearing years

Problems: Few young people to support the elderly population

Not enough workers to stimulate the economy

Reasons for change in birth rate DTM 5

Same as Stage 4, Family Planning, good health, improving status of women later marriages

Reasons for change in death rate DTM 5

Good health care, reliable food supply

reasons for lowering of birth rates

Education and health care- better education, later marriages and survival of more infants

Contraception: Especially in Asian countries, Sub-Saharan Africa has very little access to contraceptives, religion inhibits

Population Control

Regulating population of a place by artificial means

Epidemiological Transition

The branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution and control of diseases

For each stage of model there are specific health threats

Geographer trace these on the ETM

Stage 1 ETM

Infectious and parasitic diseases are main cause of death

Black Death, cholera, malaria, HIV/AIDS

Stage 2 ETM

Receding Pandemics

Improved sanitation, nutrition and medicine reduced the spread of infectious disease

Poor people compacted in cities had high death rates

Cholera, Meningitis

Stage 3 ETM

Degenerative Diseases

Chronic disorders associated with aging

Cardio vascular disease, Cancer, Type 2 Diabetes, Alzheimer's

Stage 4 ETM

Still affected by cardiovascular disease and cancer