Chapter 7: Thinking and Intelligence

Grammar

________: the set of rules that are used to convey meaning through the use of the lexicon.

bell curve

The ________ uses the standard deviation to show how all scores are dispersed from the average score.

WISC V

The ________ is composed of 14 subtests, which comprise five indices, which then render an IQ score.

Dysgraphia

________: a learning disability that results in a struggle to write legibly.

Louis Terman

________, a Stanford professor, modified Binets work by standardizing the administration of the test and tested thousands of different- aged children to establish an average score for each age.

Fluid intelligence

________: the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems.

Overgeneralization

________: an extension of a language rule to an exception to the rule.

Convergent thinking

________: the ability to provide a correct or well- established answer or solution to a problem.

Schemata

________: a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently.

Functional fixedness

________: a type of mental set where you can not perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for.

Psychologists

________ have long investigated the question of whether language shapes thoughts and actions, or whether our thoughts and beliefs shape our language.

neurological mechanism

The ________ for sound processing does not work properly in someone with dyslexia.

Creativity

________: the ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities.

Algorithm

________: a problem- solving formula that provides you with step- by- step instructions used to achieve a desired outcome.

Visual Spatial

The five indices are Verbal Comprehension, ________, Fluid Reasoning, Working Memory, and Processing Speed.

Standard deviations

________: how data are dispersed in a population and give context to large data sets.

psychology

In ________, concepts can be divided into two categories, natural and artificial.

Linguistic determinism

________: the idea that language influences the way that we think.

Dyslexia

________: an inability to correctly process letters.

odors

Many species communicate with one another through their postures, movements, ________, or vocalizations.

images

Concepts: categories or groupings of linguistic information, ________, ideas, or memories.

Flynn effect

________: the observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the last.

Semantics

________: the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words.

Prototype

________: the best example or representation of a concept.

familiar objects

The childs early vocabulary is limited to ________ or events, often nouns.

Schema

________: a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts.

Language

________ has specific components: a lexicon and grammar.

Morphemes

________: the smallest units of language that convey some type of meaning.

Newborns

________ show preference for their mothers voice and appear to be able to discriminate between the language spoken by their mother and other languages.

Syntax

________: the way words are organized into sentences.

rules of grammar

We apply the ________ to organize the lexicon in creative ways that allow us to communicate information about both concrete and abstract concepts.

Lexicon

________: the words of a given language; a languages vocabulary.

Concepts

________ are informed by our semantic memory and are present in every aspect of our lives.

Standardization

________: the manner of administration, scoring, and interpretation of results is consistent.

Phonemes

________ are combined to form morphemes.

Wechsler

________ combined several subtests from other intelligence tests used between 1880 and World War I.

Representative bias

________: a faulty way of thinking, in which you unintentionally stereotype someone or something.

Range of Reaction

________: the theory that each person responds to the environment in a unique way based on their genetic makeup.

Sapir

________ and Whorf proposed that language determines thought.

David Wechsler

________, a psychologist, developed a new IQ test in the United States.

Representative sample

________: a subset of the population that accurately represents the general population.

Role schema

________: makes assumptions about how individuals in certain roles will behave.

superior intelligence

People are considered gifted if they have an IQ score of 130 or higher, or ________ in a particular area.

Availability heuristic

________: a heuristic in which you make a decision based on an example, information, or recent experience that is that readily available to you, even though it may not be the best example to inform your decision**

Analytical intelligence

________: academic problem solving and computations; demonstrated by an ability to analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast.

Event schema

________ or cognitive script: a set of behaviors that can feel like a routine.

schema

When a(n) ________ is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.

Semantics

________ and syntax are part of a languages grammar.

Creativity

________ is often assessed as a function of ones ability to engage in divergent thinking.

Bell curve

________: a graph in the general shape of a bell.

Cognition

thinking; encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory

Cognitive psychology

the field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think; attempts to explain how and why we think the way we do by studying the interactions among human thinking, emotion, creativity, language, and problem solving, in addition to other cognitive processes

Concepts

categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories

Prototype

the best example or representation of a concept

Natural concepts

concepts created "naturally" through your experiences and can be developed from either direct or indirect experiences

Artificial concept

a concept that is defined by a specific set of characteristics

Schema

a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts

Schemata

a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently

Role schema

makes assumptions about how individuals in certain roles will behave

Event schema or cognitive script

a set of behaviors that can feel like a routine

Language

a communication system that involves using words and systematic rules to organize those words to transmit information from one individual to another

Language has specific components

a lexicon and grammar

Lexicon

the words of a given language; a languages vocabulary

Grammar

the set of rules that are used to convey meaning through the use of the lexicon

Phoneme

a basic sound unit of a given language

Morphemes

the smallest units of language that convey some type of meaning

Semantics

the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words

Syntax

the way words are organized into sentences

Babbling stage

the time where babies tend to produce single syllables that are repeated over and over

One word stage

a childs first word is uttered sometime between the ages of 1 year to 18 months, and for the next few months, the child will only produce one-word utterances

Overgeneralization

an extension of a language rule to an exception to the rule

Linguistic determinism

the idea that language influences the way that we think

Problem-solving strategy

a plan of action used to find a solution

Trial and error

try different solutions until youve solved your problem

Algorithm

a problem-solving formula that provides you with step-by-step instructions used to achieve a desired outcome

Heuristic

a general problem-solving framework; mental shortcuts that are used to solve problems

Mental set

where you persist in approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past but isnt working now

Functional fixedness

a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for

Anchoring bias

when you focus on one piece of information when making a decision or solving a problem

Confirmation bias

the tendency to focus on information that confirms your existing beliefs

Hindsight bias

to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasnt

Representative bias

a faulty way of thinking, in which you unintentionally stereotype someone or something

Availability heuristic

a heuristic in which you make a decision based on an example, information, or recent experience that is that readily available to you, even though it may not be the best example to inform your decision**

Crystallized intelligence

characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it

Fluid intelligence

the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems

Practical intelligence

you find solutions that work in your everyday life by applying knowledge based on your experiences

Analytical intelligence

academic problem solving and computations; demonstrated by an ability to analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

Creative intelligence

marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation

Multiple Intelligences Theory

each person possesses at least eight intelligences

Emotional intelligence

the ability to understand the emotions of yourself and others, show empathy, understand social relationships and cues, and regulate your own emotions and respond in culturally appropriate ways

Creativity

the ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities

Divergent thinking

thinking "outside the box;" it allows an individual to arrive at unique, multiple solutions to a given problem

Convergent thinking

the ability to provide a correct or well-established answer or solution to a problem

Standardization

the manner of administration, scoring, and interpretation of results is consistent

Norming

giving a test to a large population so data can be collected comparing groups, such as age groups

Flynn effect

the observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the last

Bell curve

a graph in the general shape of a bell

Representative sample

a subset of the population that accurately represents the general population

Standard deviations

how data are dispersed in a population and give context to large data sets

mild, moderate, severe, and profound

When these are combined with major deficits in adaptive functioning, a person is diagnosed with having an intellectual disability it has four subtypes