Nahw Unit 1 Parts of Speech

nouns, verbs, particles, types of nouns, verbs and particles, definiteness, gender

what is the difference between Nahw and Sarf?

Nahw is looking at grammar and syntax, a combination of words to make phrases, whereas sarf is looking at a single word.

lafadh لفظ

utterance

What two types of utterances are there in arabic?

Meaningless (Muhmal) and meaningful (mowdu’a)

محمل

Meaningless

موضوع.

meaningful

what 2 types of meaningful words are there?

compound (murakab) and singular (mufrad)

what two components does a murakab (compound) have?

an incomplete sentence (ghayr mufeed/murakab) or a complete sentence (murakab mufeed/kalimatun)

What 3 types can a kalimah (word) be split into?

an اسم (noun), a فِعْل (verb) or a حَرْف (particle)

how to tell if a word is an اسم

-can be understood on its own

-has no tenses

-can have a tanween (khasratayn, fathatayn, dhammatayn) on the end, meaning “a” or “an”

-can have a الْ on the end, meaning “the”

-you would never have a tanween or an Alif laam on the same word

-its a proper noun (note Zaidun, has a tanween but doesn’t mean “a Zaid”

-can have a taa marbuta ة

how to tell if a word is a فِعْل

-can be understood on its own

-sometimes has (Qad) قَد on the end, meaning probably, recetly, surely

-can have a س before it meaning “will”

-can have a سَوْفَ meaning “will soon”, the distant future

-can have a taa saakin تْ at the end

-will never have an alif laam or a ة

How to tell if a word is a حَرْف

-can’t be understood on its own

-whichever word isn’t an ism or a fayl

-usually small

examples: فِي (in), وَ (and), ثُمَّ (then)

3 types of nouns:

-جامد (primary noun)

-مصدر (masdar)

-مشتق (mushtaq)

what is a جامد (primary noun)

a noun which isn’t derived from anything, nor others are derived from it, for eg, “a girl” or a house بَيْتٌ

what is a مصدر (root noun)

a noun from which other words are derived for eg ضَرَبَ-to hit

what is a مشتق (derived noun)

nouns derived from the root, such as مَكْتُوبٌ (it’s written) comes from the root كَتَبَ (to write)

4 types of فِعْل

-الماضي - al-Mādī=past tense, for eg ضَرَبَ

-المضارع - al-Muḍāriʿ=present/future tense, for eg يَضْرِبُ

-الأمر - al-Amr=imperative, for eg, اِضْرِبْ

-النهي - al-Nahyu=negativev for eg, لا تَضْرِبْ

what letter/letters can be added to a المضارع to make it only future and not present tense?

a seen or a sowfa

what 2 types of حَرْف are there?

-عاملcausative changes the word after it, for eg, في المسجد turns masjid into masjidi

-غير عامل non causative that doesn’t change the word before or after it, for eg, وَ زيدٌ

by default what do nouns have on the end and usually what type

tanween, usually a dhammatayn

when adding a fathatayn to any noun what must you also add on the end?

an alif UNLESS there is a ta marbuta for example, baytaa with a fatha tayn and an alif on the end

what is معرفة (ma’rifah)

definite noun, something specific such as the man, paris, the book, zaid

explain نكرة (nakirah)

something vague and unspecific, such as an apple, a cat, a country, a common noun

what 2 things does a ma’rifah noun have?

-an alif laam, meaning ‘the’

-its a proper noun

what does a nakirah noun usually have?

-a tanween such as كتابٌ

-sometimes proper nouns have tanweens such as “madinah” but because that is the name of a specific city, we know it is Ma’rifah

what is مذكر (mudhakar)

masculine such as كتاب

what is مؤنث (muannath)

feminine

what is one main sign of a feminine word?

a ta marbuta such as مدرسة