AP World History: Modern: Unit 5 Vocabulary

enlightenment

a movement that emphasized science and reason as guides to help see the world more clearly

nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

empiricism

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Thomas Hobbes

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)

social contract

A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.

tabula rasa

John Locke's concept of the mind as a blank sheet ultimately bombarded by sense impressions that, aided by human reasoning, formulate ideas.

philosophes

Thinkers of the Enlightenment; Wanted to educate the socially elite, but not the masses; were not allowed to openly criticize church or state, so used satire and double-meaning in their writings to avoid being banned; Salons held by wealthy women also kept philosophes safe; They considered themselves part of an intellectual community, and wrote back and forth to each other to share ideas.

Baron Montesquieu

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers

Voltaire

(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.

Laissez-faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

capitalism

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

Deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

Thomas Paine

American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809)

conservatism

A political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes.

socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

utopian socialism

Philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century. Utopian socialists hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively

Henri de Saint-Simon

One of the most influential socialist thinkers was a nobleman, Count Henri de Saint-Simon. He was an early utopian socialist, who advocated industrial development. Saint-Simon also stressed in highly moralistic terms that every social institution ought to have its main goal improved for the poor. Saint-Simon's stress on industry and science inspired middle-class industrialists and bankers such as the Pereire brothers, founders of the Crédit Mobilier. (p.764)

Charles Fourier

A leading utopian socialist known for his work, Theory of Four Movements, who envisaged small communal societies in which men and women cooperated in agriculture and industry, abolishing the private property and monogamous marriage as well (1772-1837)

Robert Owen

Welsh industrialist and social reformer who founded cooperative communities (1771-1858)

Fabian Society

Group of English socialists, including George Bernard Shaw, who advocated electoral victories rather than violent revolution to bring about social change.

classical liberalism

The political ideology of individual liberty, private property, a competitive market economy, free trade, and limited government. The idea being that the less government does, the better, particularly in reference to economic policies such as tariffs and incentives for industrial development. Attacking corruption and defending private property, late-nineteenth-century liberals generally called for elite governance and questioned the advisability of full democratic participation.

Molly Wollstonecraft

an eighteenth-century British writer, philosophies, and advocate of women's rights and equality. Especially known for "A Vindication of the Rights of Women".

Seneca Falls Convention

Took place in upperstate New York in 1848. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote.

abolitionism

the movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and free all slaves

Zionism

A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine.

Theodor Herzl

Austrian journalist and Zionist; formed World Zionist Organization in 1897; promoted Jewish migration to Palestine and formation of a Jewish state

Dreyfus Affair

1894 Falsely charged for supplying French secrets to the Germans. Coincidentally a jew. Found guilty and sent to Devil's Island. After 10 years there he was given a full pardon by President Loubet

Declaration of Independence

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

New Zealand Wars

series of armed conflicts that took place in New Zealand from 1845 to 1872 between the New Zealand government and the Māori. Until at least the 1980s, European New Zealanders referred to them as the Māori wars

National Assembly of France

Governing body of France that succeeded the Estates-General in 1789 during the French Revolution. It was composed of, and defined by, the delegates of the Third Estate.

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

Slogan of the French Revolution

Maquis de Lafayette

A young French officer who was a major general for the colonial army in the Revolutionary War. He contributed money and military aid to the cause, as well as French aid in general.

Bastille

Medieval fortress that was converted to a prison stormed by peasants for ammunition during the early stages of the French Revolution.

French Independence Day

July 14, 1789

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.

Jacobins

The most radical political faction of the French Revolution who ruled France during the Reign of Terror.

First French Republic

The National Convention was the government after the Legislative Assembly, and it declared France a republic.

Adult male citizens received the ability to vote and hold office.

Reign of Terror

This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels of the revolution and they were all judged severely and most were executed.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

Haiti

rich French sugar and coffee colony on the Western third of the island of St. Dominique, also known as Hispaniola

maroons

Runaway slaves who gathered in mountainous, forested, or swampy areas and formed their own self-governing communities. raided plantations for supplies, had military skills from Africa.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.

Haitian Revolution

A major influece of the Latin American revolutions because of its successfulness; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

Led the slave rebellion after the first slave rebel was captured; led to Haitian independence.

Bolivar Revolutions

The Spanish colonies of South America struggle for independence from Portugal and Spain in 1810-1825, Inspired by the American and French revolution, Latin Americans rose up against Spanish rule, led by Simon Bolivar, events include the revolts in Venezuela, Spanish, etc., led to Mexico and Brazil gaining Independence, also known as Latin American Revolutions, laws of independence (documents),

Simon Bolivar

1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule.

Jamaica Letter

A was a document written in Jamaica by South American revolutionary leader Simon Bolivar where he famously expanded his views on thee independence movement in Venezuela and the way the government under the way they tried to operate.

caudillos

By the 1830s, following several hopeful decades of Enlightenment-inspired revolution against European colonizers, Latin America was mostly ruled by these creole military dictators.

Manuela Saenz

woman who actively participated in fighting alongside Bolivar and rose to the rank of colonel; received the name "liberator of the liberator" for saving Bolivar's life

Lola Rodriguez de Tio

Puerto Rican who wrote patriotic poems that supported Cuban independence.

Jose Rizal

Filipino revolutionary leader who fought for sovereignty from the Spanish

Propaganda Movement

reform movement; did not call for revolution or independence

House of Savoy

The Italian dynasty ruling the independent state of Piedmont-Sardinia. Its head was King Victor Emmanuel II

Realpolitik

Political realism or practical politics, especially policy based on power rather than on ideals.

Giuseppe Mazzini

Italian nationalist whose writings spurred the movement for a unified and independent Italy (1805-1872)

Risorgimento

"Renewal, to be born" movement in Italy to recreate a strong, unified Italian nation-state

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882).

Otto von Bismarck

(1815-1898) German prime minister who intentionally provoked three wars to provide the people with a sense of nationalism.

Seven Weeks War (Austro-Prussian War)

War in which the Prussians attacked Austria and defeated them quickly. Prussia would dominate German affairs after this war.

Franco-Prussian War

This was a major war between the French and the Germans in 1871 that brought about the unification of Germany. It was caused by Otto Von Bismarck altering a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into attacking Prussia, thus hoping to get the independent German states to unify with Prussia (which they did, thus creating Germany).

Greek Independence

Greece won independence from Turks in 1830, Both Serbia and Greece were being helped by Russia, and Russia shared Slavic language and Christian Orthodoxy with two territories

Ottomanism

An ideology developed by the Ottoman govt in order to strengthen their subjects' loyalty and solidarity. Focused on the idea the all subjects are equal (despite religious/ethinic/linguistic differences) and deserved equal rights (reinforced by Imperial decree of 1856).

industrial revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Industrialization

The development of industries for the machine production of goods.

Agricultural Revolution

A time when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster. The production of food rose dramatically.

crop rotation

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.

seed drill

created by Jethro Tull, it allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths; this boosted crop yields

cottage industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.

Spinning Jenny

A machine that could spin several threads at once

water frame

1780's; Richard Arkwright; powered by water; turned out yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels, led to development of mechanized looms

James Hargreaves

invented the spinning jenny

Richard Arkwright

English inventor and entrepreneur who became the wealthiest and most successful textile manufacturer of the first Industrial Revolution. He invented the water frame, a machine that, with minimal human supervision, could spin several threads at once.

Factory System

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building

Eli Whitney

invented cotton gin and interchangeable parts; cotton became main crop of the South

interchangeable parts

Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing

division of labor

Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers

specialization of labor

To train or specialize people in certain areas of work so that people can accomplish tasks quicker

assembly line

In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product.

seaways

On the Atlantic Ocean for Britain, great for importing raw materials and exporting finished goods

raw materials

the basic material from which a product is made.

capital

money for investment

Enclosure Movement

The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.

Trans-Siberian Railroad

Constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; completed by the end of the 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asian role.

defensive modernization

a process that Japan went through in which they consciously adapted to technology and institutions developed in Europe and the United States in order to protect its traditional culture

Indian Navy

british designated ships of the British East India company; disbanded when British Royal Navy took complete control over the Indian Ocean

company rule

Expansion of British control (1757-1857) in which they created the Indian Civil Service, established an army of Indians known as sepoys, established colonial economic policies, and expanded territory through direct conquest and indirect rule.

Rebellion of 1857

Indian uprising against the East India Trading Company to bring religious purification, an egalitarian society, and local and communal solidarity without the interference of British rule.

Arms Act (1878)

brought on by the british fear of another uprising in India; restricted access to minerals and subsequent production of firearms

steam engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery. Harnessed coal power

internal combustion engine

an engine that burns fuel inside cylinders within the engine

James Watt

Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819).

coaling stations

these were refueling stations used by navies' coal-powered steamships. The need for these was one of the driving forces behind the establishment of European and American bases/colonies around the globe.

coke

A form of coal that was unlimited in supply and therefore easier and better to use; made it possible to use march larger iron producing furnaces

Second Industrial Revolution

(1871-1914) Involved development of chemical, electrical, oil, and steel industries. Mass production of consumer goods also developed at this time through the mechanization of the manufacture of food and clothing. It saw the popularization of cinema and radio. Provided widespread employment and increased production.

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone

Thomas Edison

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures; also made telephone use for practical with a refined device