science end of years 2023

you add 10 drops of benedicts solution to the substance being tested and then heat it up. if the solution turns a green, red or yellow glucose is present.

how do you test for sugars

you add three drops of iodine solution to the substance being tested. if it turns a black or blue it means starch is present.

how do you test for starch

you add ten drops of biuret solution. if it turns purple then it means protein is present.

how do you test for protein

Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Control, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition

What does mrs c Gren stand for

Cells

Organisms are made from what

cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria

Parts of an animal cell

Chloroplast
Vacuole
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Cell wall

Parts of a plant cell

controls what goes in and out of the cell

What does the cell surface membrane do

supports and protects the cell

What does the cell wall do

stores food, water, and waste

What does the vacuole do

Where most chemical reactions take place

What does the cytoplasm do

This is where photosynthesis occurs. They contain a green substance called chlorophyll.

What do chloroplasts do

traps sunlight for photosynthesis to occur

what does chlorophyll do?

Contains DNA that controls what the cell does

What does the nucleus do?

This is where most of the reactions for respiration take place. Respiration releases energy that the cell needs to work.

What does the mitochondria do?

expand and contract

What do muscle cells do

take in minerals and water

What do root hair cells do?

carry water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves

What do xylem cells do

transport oxygen

What do red blood cells do

A group of cells that are the same and do the same job make up

A tissue

A group of different tissues that work together make up

An organ

filter blood and produce urine to excrete waste

What do kidneys do

Get oxygen into blood for respiration and excrete carbon dioxide

What do lungs do

It produces bile which neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fat

What does the liver do

A substance that helps digest fats and neutralises the hydrochloric acid in the stomach

What is bile

The muscular wall churns food and the strong acid kills dangerous bacteria

What does the stomach do?

Protects stomach from producing ulcers

What does stomach lining do

Has muscles which makes the food go down by contracting and relaxing

What does the oesophagus do

chews and mixes food with saliva which moistens the food so it is easier to travel down the oesophagus. Contains enzymes that breaks down glucose to starch (insoluble to soluble)

What does the mouth do?

absorbs monomers (nutrients) which is moved into the blood stream through a diffusion where it is needed

What does the small intestine do?

It's where excess water is absorbed from the food turning the food into faeces

What does the large intestine do

Egestion of waste

What does the anus do

Stops constipation and is used to prevent the intestines from blocking

Fibre

Insoluble fibre which helps with regular bowel movements

Cellulose

Digestable

Fibre is not what

Fats/lipids, dairy, protein, vit and mins, carbohydrates

What are the food groups

Gives body energy and supports cell function. They are a good energy store, insulate your body and protect organs

What are fats and lipids for

Improve bone and teeth health. Regulates normal heart rythyms.

What does dairy do

Grows and repairs tissue

What does protein do

provide energy and spare protein making it last longer

What do carbs do

Boost immune system, allow fibre

What do Vit and mins do

Transports nutrients, removes waste, aids digestion, regulates body temperature, lubricates and cushions joints, fills up cells to help them hold their shape.

Why do we need water

where the pancreas produces little to no insulin - insulin dependent

What is type 1 diabetes

The pancreas doesn't make enough insulin, or the body can't use what it does make causing glucose levels to rise

What is type 2 diabetes

Type 1 is genetic, type 2 is based on lifestyle

Difference between type 1 and 2 diabetes

glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water

Aerobic respiration word equation

Respiration that requires oxygen

aerobic respiration

Respiration that does not require oxygen

anaerobic respiration

carbon dioxide + water --\> glucose and oxygen

Photosynthesis word equation

enables the exchange of gases (transpiration)

What does the stomata do

protein deficiency

What is kwashiorkor

Bloating, diarrhoea, loss of hair, delayed growth, pot belly

Kwashiorkor's symptoms

Vitamin A deficiency

Night blindness

can't see in the dark

night blindness symptoms

Vitamin C deficiency

Scurvy

bruising, bleeding gums, weakness, fatigue, and rash

Scurvy symptoms

Vitamin D deficiency

Rickets

bow legs, weakness, tooth decay, memory loss, wheezing

Rickets symptoms

lack of iron

Anaemia

Fatigue, weakness, pale, reduced immunity, irregular heart beat

Anaemia symptoms

Excessive too little

Starvation

Excessive too much

Obesity

Heart troubles, high blood pressure, genetically health, poor immunity

Obesity issues

Lack of energy, weakness, dehydration, constipation, loss of period, deficiencies, low metabolic rate

Starvation issues

Makes proteins

Ribosomes

Fewer digestive enzymes being released into small intestine. Can damage villi after long amount of time. Longer period for absorption.

Alcoholism

Are micro organisms

Bacteria

1kg some harmful others useful

Intestines contain how much bacteria

Feeds on food we can't digest, reproduces by using digestive molecules

What does bacteria in your gut do

Affects speed of absorption or transference of heat

Surface area

Has micro villi and it increases surface area helping us digest food at an efficient rate to survive.

Villi

Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things

Enzymes

the involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wavelike movements that push the contents of the canal forward.

Peristalsis

Blood plasma carries glucose containing red blood cells carrying oxygen to cells that need to respire to release energy.

Respiring cells

36.5 - 37 degrees celsius

Enzymes work best at

What you change

Independent variable

What is being tested

Dependent variable

What you keep the same

Control variable

If you remove/disconnect a component, the circuit is broken and they all stop, the current is the same the whole way around

Series circuits

Two or more paths that electricity can flow through, the current splits at Each branch so by the cell the current is larger

Parallel circuits

Melt if current gets too high, there are different fuses for the type of circuit

What do fuses do

break the circuit if current is too high

What do circuit breakers do

Potential difference measured in volts, provides the push and energy in a circuit

The voltage

Is a flow of charges

Electricity

A flow of electric charge. Measured in amps

The current

How easy or difficult it is for the electricity to flow

Resistance

low current

high resistance

high current

Low resistance

have less resistance than thin wires because there is more space for the current to flow

Thick wires

the erratic random movement of microscopic particles in a fluid, as a result of continuous contact from molecules.

What is brownian motion

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

What is diffusion?

the addition of solvent to decrease the concentration of solute

What is dilution

The measure of the force with which air molecules push on a surface

What is air pressure

Each particle collides with the container wall and exerts a tiny force on the wall.

Pressure in gases

they are specialized structures that perform various jobs in cells.

what are organelles

a gas, such as carbon dioxide, water vapour or methane, in the Earth’s atmosphere, which absorbs energy emitted from the Earth’s surface then remits it back to the surface.

what is a green house gas

a substance that supplies oxygen for a reaction

oxidiser

no mass is lost or gained during a chemical reaction, the mass of the products is the same as the mass of the reactants.

law of conservation of mass

a device fitted to the exhaust of a vehicle and breaks down harmful pollutants.

catalytic converter

carbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + carbon monoxide + soot

incomplete combustion word equation