Chem Ch 1.3-6

Physical Change

A change in matter where its composition does not change.

Chemical Change

A change that involves a chemical reaction, forming new substances, often with accompanying physical phenomena.

Extensive Properties

Properties that depend on the amount of matter present (e.g., mass, volume).

Intensive Properties

Properties that do not depend on the amount of matter (e.g., density, temperature).

Systematic Errors

Biases that consistently skew measurements in a particular direction (e.g., a faulty scale).

Random Errors

Fluctuations in measurements due to unpredictable variations.

Precision

How repeatable or consistent measurements are across multiple trials.

Accuracy

How close a measurement is to the true or accepted value.

Significant Figures (Multiplication/Division Rule)

The result should have as many significant figures as the factor with the fewest significant figures.

Significant Figures (Addition/Subtraction Rule)

The result should have the same number of decimal places as the quantity with the fewest decimal places.

Density (\rho)

The ratio of mass to volume, expressed as \rho = rac{m}{V}.

Mass Percent (wt%)

The mass of solute divided by the total mass of the solution, multiplied by 100%, expressed as wt\% = rac{m_{\text{solute}}}{m_{\text{solution}}} \times 100\%.

Deci (SI Prefix)

A prefix representing a multiplier of 10^{-1}.

Centi (SI Prefix)

A prefix representing a multiplier of 10^{-2}.

Milli (SI Prefix)

A prefix representing a multiplier of 10^{-3}.

Micro (SI Prefix)

A prefix representing a multiplier of 10^{-6}.

Nano (SI Prefix)

A prefix representing a multiplier of 10^{-9}.

Pico (SI Prefix)

A prefix representing a multiplier of 10^{-12}.

Kilo (SI Prefix)

A prefix representing a multiplier of 10^{3}.

Mega (SI Prefix)

A prefix representing a multiplier of 10^{6}.

Giga (SI Prefix)

A prefix representing a multiplier of 10^{9}.

Tera (SI Prefix)

A prefix representing a multiplier of 10^{12}.