Ch. 15 - Childhood Disorders

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What % of children have clinical disorders that cause significant distress/impairment in Canada?

14%

*What disorder is the most prevalent in children?

Anxiety disorders

*What disorder(s) occur the earliest, at the age of 6?

Anxiety disorders

What % of adults with mental health problems had symptom onset before the age of 20?

70%

Mental health problems are the 2nd cause of health problems in Canada, after what?

Infancy

*What % of young people actually get the mental health treatment they need?

20%

*The estimated numbers of mental health problems among children is said to be _____

Underestimated

What 2 reasons are there for the underestimation of number of children with mental health problems?

1. Not meeting diagnostic criteria threshold (not enough life experience)

2. Shame & stigma cause many to “fly under the radar”

*What type of problem is defined as visible symptoms of maladjustment that reflect anger, impulsivity, and conduct disorder?

Externalizing problems

*What type of problem is defined as emotional symptoms related to depression and anxiety that are experienced internally?

Internalizing problems

Overt behavioural problems that are visibly expressed and on delay are examples of what type of problem?

Externalizing problems

Problems experienced inside the person that are not as noticeable is an example of what type of problem?

Internalizing problems

*Undercontrolled is characterized as ______

Excessive

*Overcontrolled is characterized as ____ or restricted

Inhibited

Extreme aggressiveness, conduct disorder, and ADHD are examples of what type of behaviour?

Undercontrolled

Passive, docile, and anxiety and depression behaviours are examples of what type of behaviour?

Overcontrolled

What list lists over 100 problems experienced by children across multiple experiences?

Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL)

What’s a pervasive problem with the child behaviour checklsit (CBCL)?

Perfectionism

*Difficult _____ is associated with greater hostility regarding child psychopathy

Temperament

*____ is associated with childhood health problems regarding child psychopathology

Low birth weight

Immigrant children have better or worse adjustment regarding their risk of child psychopathology?

Better

What behaviour in children can lead to difficulty in interpersonal relationships, low self-esteem, and academic problems

Aggression

Externalizing problems are disorders of what type of behaviour?

Undercontrolled

What are the 2 general categories of undercontrolled behaviour disorder?

1. ADHD

2. Conduct Disorder

What part of ADHD features symptoms such as difficulty concentrating, trouble following instructions, and forgetfulness in daily activities?

Attention deficits

What part of ADHD features symptoms such as inability to stop talking, trouble sitting still, and jiggling and fidgeting?

Hyperactivity and Impulsivity

What disorders is ADHD comorbid with?

Conduct problems (ODD) and anxiety

What’s the global prevalence of ADHD?

5%

What’s the prevalence of ADHD in adults?

4%

*Are girls or boys more likely to develop ADHD and how much more likely?

Boys are 4x more likely

What disorder is said to be overdiagnosed in the US?

ADHD

*What % of children with ADHD have learning disabilities?

15-30%

*What’s the estimate of heritability of ADHD?

75%

How is the volume of the cerebrum/cerebellum different in people with ADHD?

Reduced

True or false: there is a reduction in the electrical and blood-flow activity in the brains of people with ADHD

True

Prenatal exposure to what can modify the gene for ADHD’s activity?

Toxins

What % of the population had the homozygous chromosome-5 gene (DD)?

50%

True or false: psychological theories for ADHD are supported by research

False

The diathesis-stress theory of ADHD suggests that hyperactivity is a result of what?

Predisposition + authoritarian upbringing

*Psychological theory of ADHD suggests that it’s ______

Modelled and reinforced

What % of people with ADHD don’t receive treatment?

50-80%

Methyphenidate (Ritalin) is used to do what for children with ADHD since the 1960s?

Reduce attention deficit

What drug is used by 3% of US children to help with ADHD?

Methylphenidate (Ritalin)

*What drug is used more for adults with ADHD than children?

Adderall (amphetamine)

What are some side effects of ADHD drugs?

Sleep problems, loss of appetite, headaches

True or false: ADHD meds prescription rate has decreased over the years

False

*Who is less likely to be diagnosed and treated with ADHD?

Ethnic minorities

True or false: Meds are a better form of treatment for ADHD than behavioural treatments

True

*_____ superiority effect is best for treating ADHD

Multimodality

What disorder is characterized by aggressiveness, callousness, viciousness, and lack of remorse

Conduct disorder

What is conduct disorder often comorbid with?

Substance use

What’s the prevalence of conduct disorder?

3%

*Who is conduct disorder more common in: boys or girls?

Boys

*Repetitive patten of behaviour that includes ___ of 15 criteria in past 12 months (with one in past 6 months) is a diagnostic criteria of conduct disorder

3

*A diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder is that if you’re 18+, you must meet required criteria for conduct disorder to be diagnosed with ____

APD

What disorder is defined by the impact of the child’s behaviour on other people and surroundings?

Conduct disorder

Drug use, running away, and sexual offenses and symptoms of conduct disorder among who?

Girls

Drug use, juvenile crime, and property crimes are symptoms of conduct disorder among who?

Boys

What disorder is seen as a “lower grade” conduct disorder?

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)

What 3 main diagnostic criteria are there for ODD?

1. Angry/irritable mood

2. Argumentative/defiant behaviour

3. Vindictiveness

What’s the prevalence % among children with ODD?

3%

*People with ODD _____ develop CD

Do not always

*Aggressive behaviours are ____ among twins with ODD

Heritable

*The MAOA gene in ODD is also known as what?

“Human warrior gene”

What reduced neurotransmitter is there in children with ODD?

Serotonin

True or false: Children with ODD have possible amygdala dysfunction

True

*Because of a possible amygdala dysfunction in children with ODD, they have poor ____

Fear conditioning

*Children with ODD mistakenly view ____ peer behaviour as aggressive/threatening

Neutral

*Being _____, having a mother with less education, and single parents family with siblings are risk factors for ODD

A boy

*Treatment for ODD shows best results with _____

Younger children

*What cognitive approach is available as a treatment for children with ODD?

Anger management, and moral reasoning skills training

True or false: ODD always develop into APD and then psychopathy in adulthood

False

What’s the name of the treatment available for youth with ODD that involves intensive/comprehensive therapy in the community rather than being incarcerated?

Multi-systemic treatment (MST)

*We can prevent ODD by beginning treatment before what age?

3

True or false: Smoking during pregnancy is a risk for ODD

True

True or false: Older age of pregnancy is a risk for ODD

False

True or false: Harsh parenting is a risk for ODD

True

True or false: paternal antisocial behaviour is a risk for ODD

False

*Learning disability is defined as an ______ develop in specific areas of academic, language, speech, or motor skills

Inadequate

People with learning disabilities usually have a lower or higher intellect?

Higher

True or false: Learning disabilities can be a result of mental retardation or autism

False

What’s the prevalence of learning disabilities?

5% or more

What are the 3 groups of learning disabilities?

1. Learning disorder

2. Communication disorder

3. Motor disorder

*Reading disorder is also known as what?

Dyslexia

*Mathematics disorder is also known as what?

Dyscalculia

What specific learning disorders are there (3)?

1. Reading disorder

2. Mathematics disorder

3. Disorder of written expression

What communication disorders are there (4)?

1. Language disorder

2. Speech sound disorder

3. Childhood onset fluency disorder

4. Social (pragmatic) communication disorder

What disorder is defined as difficulty expressing oneself through speech?

Language disorder

*Language disorder is defined as difficulty expressing oneself through _____

Speech

True or false: People with language disorder speak in short words

True

True or false: People with language disorder use grammatical structures appropriate for their age

False

*Speech sound disorder is also known as what?

Phonology disorder

What disorder is defined as difficulty with production and fluency of communication, and difficulty with vocabulary?

Speech sound disorder

True or false: You can recover from speech sound disorder with speech therapy

True

Cases of speech sound disorder may spontaneously recover by what age?

8

*Child onset fluency disorder is also known as what?

Stuttering

What disorder is defined as disturbances of verbal fluency and timing, featuring frequent repetitions or prolonged sounds?

Childhood onset fluency disorder

What disorder interferes with academic, social, and occupational functioning?

Childhood onset fluency disorder

Childhood onset fluency disorder is more common in who: boys or girls?

Boys

True or false: Childhood onset fluency disorder (stuttering) is the same thing as stammering

False