Anthropology 101 Lab final

Midterm question #10:

Self replication and the creation of proteins (Via protein synthesis) are the functions of:

RNA

Midterm question #36:

If the various phenotypes of a trait can be placed into categories, it is a/an _____ trait

discrete

Midterm question #44:

Which of the following is true about why the sickling allele still exists, despite the fact that getting two sickling alleles results in sickle-cell anemia (and ultimately, an early death)?

A- Individuals with AA genotypes (normal red blood cells) are more likely to contract malaria

B- Individuals with and AS genotype (phenotypically normal red blood cells, but a carrier for the sickling allele) have a heterozygote advantage (balanced polymorphism)

Answer: Both A & B are correct

Midterm question #47:

What blood type is considered the "universal receiver"?

AB

Midterm question #54:

Genetic drift is best described as:

fluctuations in the gene frequency of a population because of chance or sampling error

midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal left and right halves

coronal (frontal) plane

divides the body into front and back portions

transverse (horizontal) plane

divides the body into upper and lower parts

What is part of the axial skeleton?

skull, vertebral column, thorax

your humerus is ____ to your ulna

proximal

postmortem

after death

Antemortem

before death

Perimortem

around the time of death

What is the difference between sex and gender?

sex is biologically based and depends upon the chromosomes one receives at conception. Gender is culturally constructed.

identify the type:

a. No tail

b. 2:1:2:3 dental formula

c. Bony ear tube (tympanic tube)

d. Two-part mandible (unfused mandible)

e. Tooth comb

a. Hominoidea

b. Catarrhini

c. Catarrhini

d. Strepsirhini

e. Strepsirhini

Know the primate classification tree:

-Primates

-Strepsirhini & Haplorhini

-(under haplorhini) Tarsiiformes, platyrrhini, catarrhini

-(under catarrhini)

cercopithecoidea & hominoidea

The cheek side of the tooth row is the _____ side; the tongue side of the tooth row is the ____ side

buccal; lingual

What are the four main functional types of posterior dentition in mammals?

1. puncture-crushing/piercing

2. Shearing

3. Crushing/grinding

4. tearing

Apes vs. Humans

Pelvis-

vertebral column-

foramen magnum-

facial profile-

Apes:

-long/narrow pelvis

-C-shaped single curve

-posteriorly placed

-prognathic

Humans:

-Short/Broad pelvis

-S-Shaped double curve

-anteriorly placed

-orthognathic

non-robust vs. australopiths

-Facial profile

-size of anterior teeth

-size of posterior teeth

non-robust:

-more prognathic

-larger

-somewhat large

Australopiths:

-more orthognatic

-smaller

-very large

the earliest members of the genus Homo were found on what continent?

Africa

What species from the genus Homo has a sagittal keel?

Homo erectus

What are bones? What are their functions? Why is there so much variability between individuals? What are the different types of bone tissue?

Bones are organs, they are solid bc of the deposition of mineral salts around protein fibers. Bone is a living, dynamic tissue that changes during life in response to forces placed upon it, as well as to disease and injury. The functions include Support, protection, movement/leverage, mineral and lipid (fat) storage, blood cell formation. Bones are the products of both our genotype and the environment and exhibit a great deal of individual variation, differing due to age, sex, geographic origin, activity during life, and diseases or injuries. Types of bone tissue include Compact (dense) bone and spongy (cancellous or trabecular) bone.

Directional terminology -----> medial, lateral, anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, proximal, distal

medial: closer to the midline, or the median plane

lateral: farther from the midline, or the median plane

anterior: toward the front

posterior: toward the back

superior: Above (closer to the top of the head)

Inferior: below (closer to the bottom of the feet)

distal: farther from the attachment of the limb to the trunk of the body (away from the hip or shoulder)

Muscle actions --->

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, pronation, supination

flexion: acts to bend or reduce the angle between two bones

extension: acts to increase the angle between two bones

abduction: movement of a body part away from the longitudinal axis of the body (or in the hand from a specified digit)

adduction: movement of a body part toward the longitudinal body axis

pronation: palm of the hand turning toward the posterior aspect

supination: palm of the hand turning toward the anterior aspect

Bones in the axial skeleton vs. appendicular skeleton

axial: skull, vertebral column, rib cage, sternum, and hyoid

appendicular: limb bones And their connections to the axial skeleton-the pelvic and pectoral girdles

Where does the femur articulate with the innominate?

acetabulum

where does the humerus articulate with the scapula?

glenoid fossa

What does a forensic anthropologist do? What questions can they answer? What types of data collection and measurements do they do?

they resolve the cases of missing, unidentified, and disappeared individuals. the professionals that understand how humans vary skeletally from each other in terms of age, sex, ancestry, health, and activities during life are trained forensic anthropologists. sample questions include: is the material bone? if it is bone, is it human or nonhuman? How many individuals are present? What was the age at death? They implement anthroposcopy(qualitative)- visually inspecting physical characteristics. Anthropometry(quantitative)- the measurement of humans. Osteometry- sub category dealing strictly with using metric traits on the skeleton

sexual dimorphism

the differences in shape or size between the sexes of a species. many of these features relate to differences in muscle development and to the widened birth canal in females.

Formative vs. degenerative changes? What specific techniques within the main categories of formative and degenerative can be used to determine age?

Numerous methods can be used to estimate the age of an individual at death.

Formative changes: occur as we physically grow

techniques- age determination using teeth: examination of growth ridges of tooth enamel, tooth root growth patterns, dental eruption

-epiphyseal closure: cartilaginous growth plates are evident while bone tissue is being deposited

degenerative changes: occur as we senesce (grow old)

techniques- Dental attrition: looking at the occlusal (points of contact) surface of the teeth and determining the extent of tooth wear, or attrition.

-cranial sutures

-pubic symphysis surface

Different types of diseases: age-related, nutrition and metabolism, bacterial infections, neoplasms

The ways that disease can affect bone are bone erosion, bony growths, or altering bone structure.

Age related disease- osteoarthritis (degeneration of articular cartilage so bone rubs against bone, is of bony growths around the joint), Osteoporosis (bone reabsorption by osteoclasts outpaces bone deposition and the bone becomes porous and light), Osteomalacia (inadequate mineralization of the bone caused by insufficient calcium absorption or phosphate deficiency), Paget's disease.

Nutrition and Metabolism- rickets (bowed legs and flattening of pelvic bones), porotic hyperostosis (spongy or porous bone tissue), cribra orbitalia (pitting of the orbital roots of the frontal bone), scurvy (layers of porous bone growth)

Bacterial infections- Osteomyelitis (infections of inner marrow cavity), periostitis (infection of out bony layer), Syphilis, Leprosy (erodes the facial bones and extremities), Tuberculosis (infection of the lungs that can attack the vertebral column and the ends of the long bones)

Neoplasms- the new growths that form in or on a bone may either be benign or malignant. Osteomas (benign bone tumors ), Osteosarcomas (malignant tumors containing bony tissue), Myositis ossificans (progressive ossification of muscle)

Bone fractures from trauma- How can you identify entrance and exit wounds?

Bone is alive and has the capacity to heal, so the healing (or not) of bone after trauma can tell us a lot about the timing of the injury and whether or not it may have caused death. Due to differences in the size of entrance and exit wounds (exit wounds are often larger), and difference in where the beveling occurs-inward around the entrance wound and outward around the exit wound-a great deal of info about trajectory and distance may be obtained.

What is stature and how can we measure it?

Stature is a persons height. We measure stature from the bottom of the feet to the top of the head.

Homology vs. Analogy?

Homology: If two or more groups of organisms possess a particular characteristic because it was also present-- and passed down from-- their common ancestor.

Analogy: a feature evolves independently in different groups as a result of similar adaptations

Convergent evolution?

Dolphins evolved from land mammals but converged upon a fish body form as a result of their gradual adaptation to an aquatic environment. Convergent evolution caused analogous features to appear in fish and dolphins, which share a distant ancestry.

Ancestral versus derived characteristics?

Ancestral: features that have changed little during descent from an ancestor

Derived: features that have undergone more extreme change

binomial nomenclature, systematics, taxonomy

Binomial nomenclature: its basis are genus and species. EX-Australopithecus africanus

Systematics: relates to the theoretical perspective with which one names and places organisms

Taxonomy: focuses on the identification, description, and naming of organisms

Primate characteristics and Classification----> Strepsirhines, haplorhines, platyrrhines, catarrhines, cercopithecoids, hominoidea--characteristics of each, orders/suborders/infraorders/superfamily--which specific traits can be used to identify one group from another

USE PAGES 243 and 244

What kinds of things can teeth tell us?

evolutionary relationships, diet, age, sex, mating systems, health

Tooth form-occlusal surfaces (what are the different types?) and crown heights (what are the different types?)

Occlusal surfaces(molars): where the upper and lower teeth oppose each other; Bunodont (low, rounded cusps-omnivore); Selenodont (cusps that have been elongated in an anterior-posterior direction to increase cutting surfaces); Lophodont (ridges, or lophs, that connect the cusps)

Crown Heights: High crowned (hypsodont)-enamel extending far past the gum line; Low crownded (brachydont)-teeth do not extend far above the gum line and they don't have a clear root, neck, and crown

What do our molars look like (dental formula, occlusal surfaces, crown height)?

- 2-1-2-3 dental formula

- bunodont occlusal surface

-brachydont (low crowned)

What is the function of anterior versus posterior teeth?

Anterior: to get food into the mouth-ingestion

Posterior: the task of physically processing food-mechanical digestion

Main functional types of posterior dentition in mammals?

-puncture-crushing, piercing

-shearing

-crushing, grinding

-tearing (no primates have this dental adaptation)

Dentition directional terms

see picture

-buccal

-lingual

-distal

-mesial

-labial

types of locomotion-arboreal, bipedal, quadrupedal, terrestrial

arboreal: tree living

bipedal: walking on two legs

quadrupedal: they use all four limbs in locomotion

terrestrial:ground living

Bipedal walking-stance vs swing phase

Stance Phase: the foot is in contact with the substrate and supports the body's weight. This phase has three parts- heel strike, flat foot (mid stance), and the toe off (leaving the ground for the next step

Swing Phase: the foot comes off the substrate and repositions itself for the next stance phase. The leg moves not only forward, but also around toward the center.

the 3 main aspects of locomotion

1. propulsion, or push off

2. stabilization, so we don't fall over trying to balance on one leg

3. adduction, swinging our leg around to the center with each step

Canine shearing complex

The large canines of apes are part of a functional complex called the canine shearing complex, or honing triad. This complex consists of three components: a large canine, an upper and lower diastema (space) into which each canine fits on the opposite tooth row, and a sectorial P3- the premolar immediately posterior to the lower diastema- it hones the upper canine as the mouth closes.

Main types of muscle involved in chewing

temporalis and masseter

Australopith traits- what do they have in common?

1.reduced canine size

2.absence of a canine shearing complex

3. at least some anatomical adaptations to bipedal locomotion

Early Homo (H. habilis) compared to the Australopiths (A. africanus)- cranium size and shape, diet and chewing

1. Cranium size and shape:

a. higher cranium

b. larger cranial capacity

c. less postorbital constriction

d. more rounded cranium

e. face smaller relative to cranium

2. Diet and chewing:

a. More vertical face (less prognathic, more orthognathic)

b. smaller, thinner mandible

c. Mandible more parabolic and less V-shaped

d. Shortened length of posterior tooth row

e. teeth more human-shaped: premolars and molars smaller, incisors larger

Stone tools- Oldowan, Acheulean, Mousterian, Upper Palaeolithic Tools, other technological advances

Oldowan: relatively simple stone tools associated with early homo (homo habilis)

Acheulean: More advanced stone tool technology (homo erectus) ex, hand axe

Mousterian: More complex and varied than previous tools, using a sophisticated flake tool technology (Neanderthals)

Upper Palaeolithic Tools: comprised the tool techniques referred to as Aurignacian, Gravettian, Solutrean, Magdalenian, and Perigordian (anatomically modern humans)

Other technological advances: atlatl (spear thrower), javelins, harpoons, clubs, boomerangs, etc.

unique traits/features for Homo members

Habilis: first member of the genus, homo. associated with oldowan tools

Erectus: sagittal keel and nuchal torus. fire

"archaic" homo sapiens: more culturally diverse and technologically advanced (levalloisian flake tools)

Neanderthals: occipital bun

anatomically modern humans: chin and forehead

who were the first members of the genus Homo to leave Africa?

homo erectus