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-epidermal tide covers plants and protects them
palisade mesophyll contains chloroplasts for photosynthesis
spongy mesophyll contain chloroplasts but mainly have air spaces between them for diffusion
waxy cuticle prevents water loss
no living cell is far from the external air
diffusion takes place as a gas which is quicker
thin so there is a short diffusion pathway
flat so there is a large sa:vol ratio
lots of stomata and lots of air spaces
controlled opening and closing of stomata stomata sunk in pits or grooves which trap moist air next to the leaf and reduce water potential gradient
curled leaves with stomata inside them which traps moist air again reducing the gradient, and meaning that the stomata are protected from wind
layer of hair in epidermis to trap moist air close to the stomata
reduced number of stomata in given area
thick and waxy cuticle smaller sa to volume ratio eg having leaves that are small and circular like pine needles