Cellular and Photosynthesis Test Review

Aerobic Fitness

a measure of the ability of the heart, lungs, and bloodstream to supply oxygen to the cells of the body during physical exercise

B-oxidation

the sequential removal of acetyl groups in the catabolism of fatty acids

aerobic cellular respiration

harvesting energy from organic compounds using oxygen

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

The minimum amount of energy on which an organism can survive

Chemiosis

A process in which synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthesize enzyme

Chemoautotrophs

Microorganisms that extract their energy from inorganic compounds. They are usually found in harsh environments (Volcanoes, Sulfur Springs, and Salt Flats)

Cristae

folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane

Deamination

The first step in protein catabolism, involving the removal of the amino group of an amino acid as ammonia

Electron transport chain (ETC)

A series of membrane-associated protein complexes and cytochromes that transfer energy to an electro chemical gradient by pumping H+ ions into an inter-membrane space

Ethanol Fermentation

A form of fermentation occurring in yeast which NADH passes its hydrogen atoms to acetaldehyde, generating carbon dioxide, ethanol, and NAD +

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells possessing a cell nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

Facultative Anaerobes

Organisms that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic substances with or without oxygen

Fermentation

A process in which the hydrogen atoms of NADH are transferred to organic compounds other than an electron transport chain

glycolysis

A process for harnessing energy in which a glucose molecule is broken into two pyruvate molecules in the cytoplasm of a cell

Heterotrophs

rely on autotrophs either directly or indirectly for their glucose

intermembrane space

the fluid filled space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes

Krebs cycle

A cyclic series of reactions that transfers energy from organic molecules to ATP, NADH and FADH2 and removes carbon atoms as CO2

lactate (lactic acid) fermentation

a form of fermentation occurring in animal cells in which NADH transfers its hydrogen atoms to pyruvate, regenerating NAD+ and lactate

Matrix

The fluid that fills the interior space of the mitochondrion

Maximum Oxygen Consumption VO2 max

The maximum volume of oxygen, in millimeters, that the feel of the body can relive from the blood stream in one minute per kilogram of body mass while the body experiences maximum exertion

Metabolic Rate

the amount of energy consumed by an organism in a given tome

Mitochondria

Eukaryotic cell organelle in which aerobic cellular respiration occurs

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)

coenzyme used to shuttle electrons to the first component of the electron transport chain in the mitochondrial inner membrane

nomograms

graphical methods for determining the value of an unknown quantity when the values of other quantities that it is mathematically related to are known

Obligate Anaerobes

Organisms that cannot live in the presence of oxygen and obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic substances

oxidative phosphorylation

mechanism forming ATP indirectly through a series of enzyme-catalyzed redox reactions involving oxygen as the

final electron acceptor

Oxygen Debt

The extra oxygen required to catabolism lactate to CO2 and H2O

Photoautotrophs

Transform light into the chemical potential energy in glucose and other carbohydrates. They use glucose in the process of cellular respiration to charge up the ATP molecule, called phosphorylation

Prokaryotic Cells

Cells possessing no intracellular membrane-bound organelles or nucleus

proton-motive force (PMF)

a force that moves protons through an ATPase complex on account of the free energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient of protons across a biological membrane

substrate-level phosphorylation

mechanism forming ATP directly in

an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

First Main goal of cellular respiration

To break the bonds between the six carbon atoms of glucose, resulting in six carbon dioxide molecules

Second Main goal of cellular respiration

To move hydrogen atom electrons from glucose to oxygen, forming six water molecules. This is a redox reaction. the glucose is oxidized and oxygen is the oxidizing agent. The oxygen is reduced and glucose is the reducing agent

Third Main goal of cellular respiration

To trap as much free energy released in the process as possible in the form of ATP

Primary function of cellular respiration

break down food molecules and generate ATP

equation for cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

4 Stages of Cellular Respiration and where each takes place

Glycolysis (cytoplasm), Pyruvate Oxidation (Mitochondrial Matrix), Krebs Cycle (Mitochondrial matrix),

Electron transport chain (Inner mitochondrial membrane)

Glycolysis equation

glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2 NAD+ ----> 2 Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2 H+

Phosphorylation

ATP + H20 -----> ADP + P

2 ways to recharge ATP

substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation

Similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts (structure)

-double membrane

- smooth outer membrane

Differences between mitochondria and chloroplasts (structure)

Mitochondria

- Folded inner membrane

-cristae (site for ETC and Chemiosmosis)

Chloroplasts

- Thykaloid (site for ETC and chemiosmosis)

-Stroma within the inner membrane

Metabolic process for mitochondria

1. Glycolosis

2. Pyruvate Oxidization

3. Krebs Cycle

4. Electron transport and chemiosmosis

Metabolic Process for Chloroplasts

1. Light reactions

2. Calvin cycle

3. H20

4. O2

5. CO2

6. Sugar

Reactants for Mitochondria

Glucose, Oxygen(later)

Products for Mitochondria

Water, carbon dioxide and ATP

Reactants for Chloroplasts

Water and carbon dioxide

Products for Chloroplasts

Glucose, Oxygen

Pathway for mitchondria

glucose is broken down into 2, 3-carbon sugars. then broken down into CO2, and water is released

Pathway for chloroplasts

Sunlight used to make ATP and NADPH, which build CO2 into a 3-carbon intermediate. These can than be converted into other carbohydrates

Obligate anaerobes

have a different electron acceptor in the oxidation of glucose, cannot live with oxygen present.

Clostridium tetani (tetanus) symptoms

cause muscles to tighten, trouble opening the jaw, and can cause death from exhaustion

Clostridium botulinum symptoms

Food poisoning that causes paralysis

Clostridium perfringens (gas gangrene) symptoms

wounds infected by bacteria, releases gas and poison that causes high fever, brown puss, gas bubbles beneath skin, tissue dies, death can occur in a few days

Obligate aerobes

require oxygen for cellular respiration

Facultative anaerobes

can live with or without oxygen

Escherichia coli (e-coli) symptoms

Inflammation in large intestine, causes high fever, diarrhea and vomiting from dehydration, possible death

Vibrio cholerae (Cholera) symptoms

dysentery, vomiting, dehydration and muscle cramps

Salmonella enteritidis (food poising) symptoms

vomiting, diarrhea and dehydration.

oxidizing agent

substance loses and electron is oxidized by substance and takes electron

Reducing Agent

substance gains an electron is reduced

Oxidizing agent in a redox reaction

Oxygen

Where is the ETC located

inner mitochondrial membrane

Uses for ethanol fermentation

production of wine, beer, and soy sauce

How does lactic acid affect the muscles?

The accumulation of lactate molecules in muscle tissue causes stiffness, soreness, and fatigue. All because there's no oxygen

Part 1 of Light reactions

Photoexcitation: absorption of a photon by an electron of chlorophyll

Part 2 of Light reactions

Electron transport: transfer of the excited electron through a series of membrane-bound electron carriers, resulting in the pumping of a proton through the photosynthetic membrane, which creates an H1 reservoir and eventually reduces an electron acceptor

Part 3 of light reactions

Chemiosmosis: the movement of protons through ATPase complexes to drive the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP

Overall equation for photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

chemosynthesis

transformation of sulfur into food and energy

cellulose

a substance formed by glucose, principle material in cell walls

in a leaf, where does photosynthesis occur?

Mesophyll

Where is chlorophyll found?

Chloroplast and membrane of thykaloid

What does chlorophyll absorb

Violet, blue and red ligh

What does chlorophyll reflect

green/yellow light

why do plants become yellow and red in the fall?

Plants can no longer produce chlorophyll

2 stages of photosynthesis

light and dark reactions

What 2 energy molecules are formed from high energy electrons during the light reactions?

ATP and NADPH

Where does the light reaction take place?

thylakoid membrane

Where does the dark reaction take place

stroma

Where does photosynthesis occur in a cactus?

Green cells in its trunk

Where in the plant does photosynthesis take place?

cross section of a leaf diagram

Part 1 of photosynthesis

Light passes through upper epidermis to reach mesophyll layer

Part 2 of photosynthesis

Water absorbed by plant roots, delivered to leave via vascular bundle

Part 3 of photosynthesis

CO2 gets into leaf through stoma

Transpiration

water loss through the stomata, controlled by guard cells

What is photosynthesis?

conversion of light energy, CO2, and water into high energy compounds (eg. glucose).

Similarities between cellular respiration and photosynthesis

- The Calvin cycle includes reactions that are similar to reactions in cellular respiration but that occur in reverse.

- Both processes use chemiosmosis to transform energy from one form to another.

electrochemical gradient

a concentration gradient created by pumping ions into a space surrounded by a membrane that is impermeable to the ions. Makes space for free energy

Photorespiration

When oxygen is more plentiful than carbon dioxide, oxygen binds more often, resulting in the oxidation of RuBP, instead of

its carboxylation to PGA.

C4 plants

pathway of carbon fixation that reduces the amount of photorespiration by continually pumping CO2 molecules

(malate) from mesophyll cells into bundle-sheath cells, where

rubisco brings them into the C3 Calvin cycle.

CAM plants

plants close their stomata during the day, collect CO2 at night, and store the CO2 in the form of acids until it is needed during the day for photosynthesis

3 jobs related to cellular respiration

Molecular biologist, Biochemist, Kinesiologists

absorption spectrum

a graph illustrating the wavelengths of light absorbed by a pigment

Action spectrum

a graph illustrating the effectiveness with which different wavelengths of light promote photosynthesis

antenna complex

a web of chlorophyll molecules embedded in the thylakoid membrane that transfers energy to the reaction centre

anthocyanins

pigments in vacuoles that give rise to the red colour in autumn leaves