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20 Terms

1

What does Thorndike’s puzzle box experiment illustrate about cats' learning behavior?

Cats can escape more quickly over successive trials, demonstrating stimulus-response learning.

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2

What is described by the law of effect in instrumental conditioning?

Behaviors followed by favorable outcomes are likely to be repeated.

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3

What is an example of a response that is measured in a discrete trial procedure?

The time it takes for a rat to escape from a start box to obtain food.

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4

What is magazine training in operant conditioning?

A method that involves classical conditioning to establish a reinforcement signal, like a bell before giving food.

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5

How does shaping depend on behavioral variability?

Shaping requires variability in the behavior so that successively closer approximations to the target behavior may be reinforced.

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6

What is positive reinforcement?

Delivering a favorable outcome or reward following a desired behavior to encourage its repetition.

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7

What distinguishes positive punishment from negative reinforcement?

Positive punishment decreases the likelihood of a behavior by introducing an aversive stimulus, while negative reinforcement increases the likelihood by removing an aversive stimulus.

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8

What is the concept of instinctive drift in operant conditioning?

The tendency for animal behavior to revert to instinctive behaviors rather than the conditioned behavior when a reward is presented.

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9

What role does the dorsal raphe nucleus play in learned helplessness?

It mediates long-term effects of uncontrollable aversive stimuli.

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10

What does negative contrast refer to in operant conditioning?

A decreased response to a less favorable reward following prior experience with a more favorable reward.

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11

What is adventitious reinforcement according to Skinner's theories?

Behavior that is accidentally reinforced, leading to superstitions.

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12

What does it mean to say a behavior has a good contingency but weak temporal contiguity?

The response may be positively reinforced but the timing of reinforcement may not closely follow the behavior.

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13

What is the significance of behavioral systems theory in understanding responses in conditioning?

It suggests that the types of responses developed depend on the system activated by the conditioning procedure.

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14

What is the effect of delay in reinforcement on conditioning?

A delay can disrupt the conditioning process because it makes the connection between the behavior and the reinforcement less clear.

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15

What is the difference between differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) and punishment?

DRO reinforces alternative behaviors instead of the undesired behavior, while punishment aims to reduce the undesired behavior.

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16

How does the proneness to behavioral stereotypy influence operant conditioning?

Stereotypy can hinder the development of new behaviors that can be reinforced.

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17

What is an example of omission training?

A child loses the privilege to watch television because they misbehaved.

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18

Which is an example of a conditioned reinforcer?

Money, as it acquires reinforcing properties through association with primary reinforcers.

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19

What does learned helplessness suggest about an individual's ability to escape aversive situations?

Previous experiences of inescapable stressors lead individuals to expect that they have no control over future situations.

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20

What does positive contrast imply regarding behavior in conditioning?

An increased response to a favorable reward because of prior experience with a less attractive outcome.

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