Respiratory System

what makes up the upper tract of the respiratory system?

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx

what makes up the lower tract of the respiratory system?

larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles, alveoli

what is A?

upper respiratory tract

what is B?

lower respiratory tract

what is C?

respiratory bronchiole

what is D?

alveolar duct

what is E?

alveoli

what is F?

nose

what is G?

nasal cavity

what is H?

pharynx

what is I?

larynx

what is J?

trachea

what is K?

bronchus

what is L?

bronchiole

what is M?

terminal bronchiole

what are the two functional systems of the respiratory system?

conducting zone, respiratory zone

what happens in the respiratory zone?

gas exchange

what makes up the conducting zone?

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, terminal bronchioles

what makes up the respiratory zone?

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

what is A?

sphenoidal sinus

what is B?

frontal sinus

what is C?

superior nasal conchae

what is D?

Middle Nasal Conchae

what is E?

inferior nasal conchae

what is A?

frontal sinus

what is B?

ethmoidal air cells (sinus)

what is C?

sphenoidal sinus

what is D?

maxillary sinus

what is A?

pharyngeal tonsil

what is B?

palatine tonsil

what is C?

lingual tonsil

what is D?

laryngopharynx

what is E?

opening to pharyngotympanic tube

what is F?

nasopharynx

what is G?

oropharynx

what is I?

nasal cavity

what is J?

oral cavity

what is K?

larynx

what is A?

hyoid

what is B?

thyroid cartilage

what is C?

laryngeal prominence

what is D?

larynx

what is E?

trachea

what is F?

epiglottis

what is G?

cricoid cartilage

what is H?

c-shaped tracheal rings

what is A?

epiglottis

what is B?

vestibular fold (false vocal chord)

what is C?

vocal fold (true vocal chord)

what are the c-shaped rings of the trachea made of?

hyaline cartilage

what is A?

esophagus

what is B?

smooth muscle

what is C?

lumen of trachea

what is D?

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

what is E?

hyaline cartilage

what is A?

right main/primary bronchus

what is B?

left main/primary bronchus

what is C?

lobar/secondary bronchus

what is D?

segmental (tertiary) bronchus

which lung has 3 lobes?

right lung

what is A?

thoracic wall

what is B?

lung

what is C?

diaphragm

what is D?

visceral pleura

what is E?

pleural cavity

what is F?

parietal pleura

what lines these following structures: nasal cavity, sinuses, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi?

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

what does ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium deal with?

air only

what lines the oropharynx and laryngopharynx?

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

what does nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium deal with?

food and air

what lines alveolar ducts, sacs, and alveoli?

simple squamous epithelium

what does simple squamous epithelium deal with?

air only

what is A?

alveolar duct

what is B?

alveoli

what is C?

alveolar sac

at what level do epithelium lose cilia?

bronchiole level

describe the changes in cartilage and muscle

hyaline cartilage decreases, smooth muscle increases to level of bronchiole

what copd is shown in this image?

chronic bronchitis

what copd is shown in this image?

emphysema

what causes chronic bronchitis?

inflammation and excess mucus

what causes emphysema?

alveolar membranes break down

what is external respiration?

diffusion of gases in lungs

what is internal respiration?

diffusion of gases at body tissues

what is pulmonary ventilation?

movement of air into and out of lungs

during inspiration, what is the air that is entering the lungs rich in?

oxygen

During expiration, what does the air leaving the body mostly contain?

carbon dioxide

Which direction does CO₂ move during expiration?

lungs to atmosphere

what does external respiration occur between?

alveoli and blood

in the alveoli, what direction does oxygen move in?

from alveoli to blood

in the alveoli, what direction does carbon dioxide move in?

from blood to alveoli

what structure is directly involved in external respiration?

alveoli

Oxygen is transported in the blood from:

lungs to systemic cells

Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood from:

systemic cells to lungs

Blood containing oxygen travels in which direction?

Toward systemic cells

Blood containing carbon dioxide travels in which direction?

toward alveoli

Internal respiration occurs between what?

blood and systemic cells

During internal respiration, what direction does oxygen move?

into systemic cells

During internal respiration, which way does carbon dioxide move?

into the blood

What is the primary goal of internal respiration?

Deliver oxygen to cells and remove CO₂

What is the correct order of oxygen movement?

Blood, alveoli, atmosphere, cells